International Journal of Social Studies (IJSS) publishes original and quality research findings in all major disciplines of the social sciences. IJSS is a peer-reviewed open access journal that publishes quality findings and gives its readers free access to all the published contents. IJSS aimed at consolidating the findings on a single platform and giving the readers great access to the knowledge pool. IJSS addresses theoretical and applied issues in the spectrum of the social sciences and publishes them in English language.
Rural women's knowledge and practices about food safety during the COVID-19 pandemic in El-Beheira and Alexandria Governorates in Egypt
The primary purpose of this study is to determine the level of knowledge and practices of Rural women regarding food safety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt. Data were collected from 183 respondents using a questionnaire administered in person while taking the necessary precautionary measures. The level of respondents' knowledge and practices in food safety was determined by assessing their knowledge and practices in food purchase, preservation, storage, preparation, and cooking. The results showed that the majority of respondents had moderate and low levels of knowledge (74.3% and 9.3%, respectively) and practice (59.6% and 27.8%, respectively) regarding food safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, significant correlations at 0.05 and 0.01 were found between respondents' degree of knowledge about food safety during COVID-19 and their educational level and the number of household appliances owned by their family, respectively. As well as a significant correlation at 0.01 between respondents' degree of practice of food safety during COVID-19 and respondents' age, number of years of marriage, number of family members, and the number of household appliances owned by the respondent's family.
Food safety; food processing; knowledge; pandemic; COVID-19
Copyright (c) 2025 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality Assurance and Professional Development in Teacher Training Colleges in Tanzania: A systematic Literature Review ( 2020-2025)
This study presents a systematic review of literature on the intersection between professional development and quality assurance in teacher training colleges in Tanzania. The review responds to persistent concerns that despite policy reforms and institutional expansion, the quality of teacher education remains inconsistent, largely due to deficiencies in professional competence, institutional capacity, and systemic coherence. Guided by the theoretical perspectives of Total Quality Management (TQM) and Human Capital Theory (HCT), the review analyzed empirical and conceptual studies published between January 2020 and September 2025. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, studies were retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and IEEE Xplore, yielding twenty-one articles that met the inclusion criteria. Data were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist and analyzed thematically. Three dominant themes emerged: the professional preparation and competence of teacher educators, the institutionalization of quality assurance mechanisms, and the role of institutional support and continuous learning. In direct response to the research questions, the findings indicate that Tanzanian teacher training colleges implement quality assurance through formal but largely compliance-oriented mechanisms, which are poorly integrated with developmental goals. Furthermore, models of professional development that most effectively support quality enhancement are those embedded within institutional culture—such as peer learning, mentorship, and action research—rather than sporadic, externally driven workshops. The study concludes that fostering a sustainable quality culture requires an integrated approach in which professional learning and institutional accountability operate as interdependent processes, mutually reinforcing continuous improvement and educational excellence.
Professional development; Quality assurance; Tanzania; Teacher education; Total Quality Management
Copyright (c) 2025 Pontion Audax, Kalafunja Osaki, Prospery M Mwila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender Differences in Social Media Usage for Academic Purposes: A Study of Postgraduate Students in Pakistan
The integration of social media into higher education has transformed academic landscapes, yet gender-specific usage patterns remain a critical area of investigation. This study examines the differences in social media use for academic purposes between male and female postgraduate students at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. A cross-sectional research design was employed, with data collected through a well-structured interview schedule from a convenience sample of 140 students (70 male, 70 female). Data were analyzed using SPSS, utilizing descriptive statistics and an independent samples t-test. The findings reveal a statistically significant gender disparity in the frequency of academic social media use, with a markedly higher proportion of female students (77.1%) engaging with social media for academic purposes daily compared to male students (65.7%). Conversely, the analysis of total time spent on social media, regardless of purpose, showed no significant difference between genders. Furthermore, the study identified a clear hierarchy of platform preference, with YouTube being the overwhelmingly dominant tool for academic work (57.1%), followed by WhatsApp (15.0%). The results underscore that the critical differentiator is not the time spent on social media, but the academic application of that time, which is significantly influenced by gender. This study concludes that female students in this context are more proactive in leveraging social media as an integrated academic toolkit. The insights urge educators to develop gender-sensitive digital learning strategies that align with these distinct usage patterns.
Social Media, Academic Purposes, Gender Differences, Higher Education, Pakistan, YouTube, Postgraduate Students; Digital Learning
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forced Labour in Pakistan: Legal Frameworks, Institutional Gaps, and the Role of Civil Society
This study investigates the issue of forced labour in Pakistan through a qualitative doctrinal legal analysis, aiming to assess the effectiveness of the country's legal and institutional frameworks. Drawing on national laws, judicial decisions, and international conventions, the research identifies significant gaps in implementation, monitoring, and victim support mechanisms. The study adopts a comprehensive national-level design, utilizing document-based sampling and a systematic analysis of legal texts, case law, and academic literature. Findings reveal that despite the presence of constitutional safeguards and legal provisions, forced labour remains widespread due to poor enforcement, outdated legal definitions, insufficient institutional coordination, and weak civil society engagement. Judicial interventions and international obligations have influenced reforms, but their practical impact remains limited. The research concludes that substantial legal reforms, stronger implementation mechanisms, and a coordinated multi-stakeholder approach are essential to combat forced labour in Pakistan effectively.
Forced labour, Legal frameworks, Civil society, Literature, Reforms, Legal.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad W. Younis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Governing Digital Transformation: An Integrated Framework for Project Management, Scheduling, and Change Leadership
This article proposes an integrated framework for managing complex digital transformation projects within large multinational corporations. It critiques siloed approaches and argues that success hinges on the confluence of robust project governance, adaptive scheduling, and structured change management. This conceptual paper employs a single, in-depth case study of the Hilti Group's migration from SAP to Salesforce. The analysis is structured around a tripartite framework evaluating the project through the lenses of (1) the PRINCE2 methodology for project governance, (2) Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) for scheduling, and (3) the ADKAR model for change management. The analysis demonstrates that digital transformation projects are not merely technical upgrades but strategic organisational changes. The recommended integrated framework ensures strategic alignment through PRINCE2's business case focus, mitigates resource-based risks via CCPM's buffering system, and actively manages human resistance using ADKAR's staged approach to change readiness. This paper synthesises three established but often separate project management domains into a single, cohesive framework. It provides project managers and organisational leaders with a practical, holistic model for navigating the technical, logistical, and human complexities inherent in major digital transformation initiatives, thereby enhancing the probability of project success and strategic benefit realisation.
Digital Transformation, Project Governance, PRINCE2, Critical Chain Scheduling, Change Management, ADKAR Model, Hilti Case Study.
Aggression and Social Competence in Police Officers: An Analysis of Role and Gender Differences
The relationship between aggression and social competence is typically inverse in general psychology. However, the unique, high-stakes environment of policing may complicate this dynamic, as assertive and commanding behaviours—often instrumental for safety and control—may be perceived differently. This study investigated the effects of aggressive behaviour on social competence among police officers, examining differences based on work designation (office vs. field) and gender. A correlational study was conducted with a sample of 200 officers (100 male, 100 female) from the Punjab Police in Multan, Pakistan. Participants completed the Youth Social Competence Scale (YSCS) and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, linear regression, and independent samples t-tests in SPSS v23. Contrary to conventional literature, a significant positive correlation was found between aggression and social competence (r = .359, p < .01), with aggression accounting for 12.5% of the variance in social competence scores. No significant differences were found between office and field officers on either measure. However, a significant gender difference emerged in social competence, with male officers reporting higher levels than females (t = 2.144, p = .033). No significant gender difference was found in aggression levels. The findings suggest that within the policing context, traits measured as aggression may be functionally linked to perceptions of social competence, reflecting the value of instrumental assertiveness in law enforcement. The results highlight the context-dependent nature of psychological constructs and underscore the need for role-specific and gender-sensitive approaches in police training and support programs.
Aggression, Social Competence, Police Psychology, Gender Differences, Work Designation, Instrumental Assertiveness, Law Enforcement
The Awareness-Action Gap: A Study on Talaq Tafweez Awareness, Perceptions, and Institutional Barriers among Women in Pakistan
This study investigates the disparity between the legal provision of Talaq Tafweez (the delegated right to divorce) and its practical application among married women in Pakistan. Employing a quantitative cross-sectional design, structured questionnaires were administered to a stratified random sample of 300 married women across diverse geographic and socio-economic backgrounds. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings reveal a profound awareness-action gap: while 68% reported no awareness of the right, there was overwhelming support for the principle of gender equality in divorce initiation. The research identifies multi-faceted barriers driving this paradox. Institutional failure is evident, with respondents strongly indicating that Nikah Registrars routinely omit the crucial clause from the marriage contract. Furthermore, powerful socio-cultural barriers, including intense social stigma and honor-based concerns, combined with perceived religious opposition, create a deterrent environment. Critically, the legal system is perceived as unsupportive, inefficient, and unclear in its procedures. Conversely, the data shows strong prospective demand, with respondents advocating for the clause to be made compulsory and endorsing key reforms. The study concludes that the underutilization of Talaq Tafweez is a symptom of systemic failure rather than a lack of belief in its principles. Recommendations include mandatory training for marriage registrars, public awareness campaigns, engagement with religious leaders, and legal aid services to transform this dormant right into an accessible tool for women’s empowerment.
Talaq Tafweez; Delegated Divorce; Women's Rights; Islamic Law; Pakistan; Legal Awareness; Nikah Nama; Muslim Family Laws Ordinance; Gender Justice; Socio-Legal Barriers.
Using Environmental Education as a Blueprint for Environmental Sustainability
The study examined how environmental education can serve as a blueprint for achieving environmental sustainability. To provide a framework for the study, five research questions were formulated and answered. The research design adopted was the descriptive survey. The population consisted of twenty-five thousand four hundred and seventy-eight thousand (25,478) junior secondary school students across the entire Delta State. This research design was employed to collect data from a total sample size of 880 junior secondary school students in grade 3 from 22 schools. Data collection was done with the aid of a 25-item questionnaire diligently constructed by the author; the instrument was titled “Environmental Education and Environmental Sustainability Questionnaire. The instrument was validated correctly and reported a reliability index of 0.68 using the test-retest reliability method on 20 students in a school outside those used as the sample. The instrument administration was carefully carried out by the researcher, with the assistance of the subject teachers in the 22 schools used for the study. After collecting the data, the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including the mean, with a value of 2.50 as the metric. The study's results and findings demonstrated that environmental education can promote environmental sustainability across all spheres of the environment, including the economy, health, and food security. As well as climatic and physical environments. Hence, the study recommends that environmental education be harnessed as an approach to achieving environmental sustainability.
Environmental education; environmental sustainability; environment; social studies
Copyright (c) 2025 Obiajulu-Anyia E. Uche https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Mediating Role of Loneliness in the Relationship Between Social Media Addiction and Aggression
The pervasive use of social media has sparked concern regarding its psychological impacts, particularly the development of addictive use patterns and their potential link to adverse outcomes like aggression. Loneliness is theorized to be a critical mechanism in this relationship, yet an integrated examination of these variables is lacking. This study investigated the impact of social media addiction on aggression and tested the hypothesis that loneliness mediates this relationship. A cross-sectional online survey was administered to 200 social media users (100 male, 100 female). Participants completed three validated scales: the Social Media Addiction Scale (Şahin, 2018), the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (1992), and the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3; Russell, 1996). Data were analyzed using correlation and regression-based mediation analysis. Preliminary analyses confirmed significant positive correlations between social media addiction, loneliness, and aggression. The mediation analysis revealed that while social media addiction had a substantial direct effect on aggression, its impact was also significantly and indirectly exerted through loneliness. This indicates that loneliness functions as a partial mediator in the relationship between social media addiction and increased aggressive tendencies. The findings suggest that social media addiction contributes to aggression both directly and indirectly by exacerbating feelings of loneliness. This highlights the complex role of emotional distress in digital wellbeing. Interventions aimed at reducing aggression linked to social media use should prioritize strategies that mitigate loneliness and foster genuine social connection.
Media Addiction; Aggression; Loneliness; Mediation Analysis; Digital Well-being; Online Behaviour; Psychological Mechanisms
Applying Assessment Supported Instructional Model for Enhancing Social Studies Students’ Academic Performance
This research delved into how Assessment Supported Instructional Method can affect the learning and Social Studies students’ academic performance, moderated by gender and school location. Three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated and subjected to data analysis. The study was supported by Jean Piaget Theory of constructivism. A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test research procedure was employed. Eighty-six (86) male and female students of Social Studies from two schools were selected and sampled out of a population of 4,374 students. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the schools, while intact classes were used for students. The tool for data collection was an academic performance test titled “Assessment Supported Instructional Test” (ASIT). The reliability of the data collection tool was determined using a test-retest method, and a Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) of 0.88 was derived. Mean and standard deviation were applied to answer research questions, and the T-test was used for hypothesis testing at a 0.05 level of significance. Afterwards, the collected data were analysed and the following findings were reported. The study established that the use of ASIM can enhance the performance of Social Studies students academically; there was no significant or moderating effect of gender and school location on the social studies students’ academic performance taught with ASIM. Following these findings, it was recommended that Social Studies teachers should start adopting the Assessment Support Instructional Model (ASIM) in teaching the subject.
Academic performance; Assessment; Gender; Instructional Model; School Location and Social Studies
Copyright (c) 2025 Osio Agnes Oghenekevwe, Osakwe Emman, Clifford Edore Ogheneakoke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of School Location on the Academic Performance of Social Studies Students
The study examined the impact of school location on the academic performance of Social Studies students. The research involved the collection of empirical data to determine the effect of the independent variable (school location) on the dependent variable (student performance). One research question and one hypothesis were based on the strategic use of a quasi-experimental factorial research design. The study involved the selection of 115 students using a random sampling technique, including both rural and urban students, from two government-owned schools across the two different regions. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique from the population comprising 1,691 students across 43 junior secondary schools in the Delta Central senatorial district of Delta state. A measurement tool, named "Social Studies Students' Performance Test" (SSSPT), was used to collect data, and it was found to be reliable, with a reliability index of 0.89. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, pie chart, standard deviation, and bar chart, to answer the research questions. At the same time, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was utilized to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 significance level. The study found that school location significantly influences academic performance, with urban students outperforming their rural counterparts. As a result, the study recommends that social studies educators in rural areas should enhance their pedagogical skills in light of the impact of school location on students' performance. The study highlights a significant contribution by establishing that school location has a positive effect on academic achievement. It was found that urban students generally achieve better results than their rural counterparts in social studies, primarily due to the better infrastructure and resources available in urban schools, which contribute to more favorable learning environments.
Influence, academic performance, social studies, school location and students..
Copyright (c) 2025 Emudianughe R. Emuobome, Atubi O. Favour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation among Mother Tongue, Socio-Economic Status and Social Studies Students’ Academic Performance in Delta State
This research investigated the effect of mother tongue (Urhobo Language) on the academic performance of Social Studies students in junior secondary schools in Delta State. The study focused on one independent variable, Urhobo language instruction, while academic performance served as the dependent variable, and socioeconomic status was examined as a moderating variable. A quasi-experimental before-test after-test control group design with a 2x2 matrix structure was employed. The population comprised eighty thousand, nine hundred and twelve students of social studies in Delta State during the 2023/2024 academic session, from which 100 students were selected using multistage, purposive, and random sampling techniques. One school was utilized as the experimental group, receiving instruction in Urhobo, while the other group was taught in English. Data were collected using the Social Studies Mother Tongue Test (SSMTT), which had a reliability coefficient of 0.89. The questions raised in the research were answered with descriptive statistics, while hypotheses were analyzed with a t-test at a 0.05 level of significance. Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings revealed that students taught Social Studies in Urhobo performed remarkably better than those taught in English, demonstrating that mother-tongue instruction enhances comprehension, retention, and engagement. Additionally, socioeconomic status did not moderate the relationship between language of instruction and academic performance, suggesting that language familiarity is more influential than financial status. The study recommends policy initiatives that encourage the use of mother tongue for social studies instruction and good parental support for mother-tongue learning. These findings contribute to educational research by reinforcing the cognitive advantages of incorporating mother-tongue into social studies instruction and its potential to improve learning outcomes across socioeconomic groups.
Mother-tongue, Urhobo, Academic achievement, socioeconomic status, social studies and Delta State.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okpomoh P. Avwerosuoghene, Dania O. Peter, Ogheneakoke E. Clifford https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Some New Construction of Diallel Crosses
One of the fundamental goals of crop genetics research is the development of improved crop varieties through the analysis of genetic architecture, particularly when multiple crop strains are involved. Diallel cross experiments, involving the crossing of various inbred parental lines, are commonly used to evaluate these lines' combining ability and identify superior genetic combinations. This study focuses on constructing and applying Balanced Incomplete Block Designs (BIBDs) and Partial Diallel Cross (PDC) designs to optimize genetic evaluation strategies. BIBDs constructed using the method of cyclic shifts will serve as the basis for developing complete diallel cross designs. Additionally, these designs will facilitate control versus test comparisons among crop lines. The study employs cyclic regular graph designs derived through cyclic shifts to construct partial diallel crosses. To estimate General Combining Ability (GCA) with precision, the study proposes using two associated Partial Balanced Incomplete Block Designs (PBIBDs). These PBIBDs will support contrasts such as gi−gjg_i-g_jgi−gj, ensuring that only two types of variances are associated with such estimates. The methodological framework outlined in this study aims to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of genetic investigations, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding and resilient crop varieties.
Diallel crosses, Partial Diallel Cross, Balanced Incomplete Block Designs, contrasts, variations, cyclic shifts
Copyright (c) 2024 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Psycho-Spiritual Dimensions of Al-Kitab and Al-Mizan in Islamic Eschatology
This study examines accountability in Islamic eschatology, focusing on the interplay between al-Kitab (the Book of Deeds) and al-Mizan (the Scale of Balance) on the Day of Judgement. It highlights how awareness of divine evaluation, through these dual processes, can enhance Muslims' psycho-spiritual and moral dispositions. Utilizing Qur’anic verses and Hadith, the study employs qualitative interpretive textual analysis to explore how "documentation" and "evaluation" of deeds jointly influence final rewards. Unlike previous studies that emphasize al-Kitab, this paper underscores al-Mizan's role and its connection with al-Kitab. It argues that while al-Kitab records the quantitative aspects of deeds, al-Mizan qualitatively assesses their true essence, reconciling positive and negative values and evaluating underlying motivations. This distinction is crucial, as many actions documented by al-Kitab may be deemed inconsequential when evaluated by al-Mizan. The study concludes that understanding al-Kitab and al-Mizan as complementary mechanisms ensures just judgement, fostering higher spiritual consciousness and moral excellence among Muslims.
Islamic eschatology, al-Kitab, al-Mizan, psycho-spiritual, moral excellence
Copyright (c) 2025 Azeem A. Olayinka, Asghar Ali, Aliyu A. Rabiu, Ghadah Al Murshidi, Ahmed Al Zaabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants that impact on students’ problem-solving ability in mathematics education
One of the most challenging things a teacher needs to accomplish is making mathematics simple for students. Mathematics is a difficult topic, and it is hard to identify the difficulties that both students and teachers experience; therefore, teachers must develop techniques to identify these challenges. This study aimed to explore the key factors that influence students' problem-solving abilities in mathematics education. The participants were college students who were officially enrolled at the Philippine Integrated College Academy Foundation. The investigation in this study used a qualitative case study research style. The four reoccurring themes that came out of the case analysis formed the basis for this study's findings. The themes that emerged from the data were recalling mathematical formulas, a lack of comprehensive abilities, self-efficacy, and trouble with problem-solving. It is important that math teachers assist their students in building their self-esteem, cognitive abilities, and problem-solving skills because it is beneficial for them to comprehend concepts that are meaningful to them. This study advocates more meaningful explanations about determinants that are needed for students’ mathematics problem-solving abilities and highlights the necessity for forming a learner-centered teaching and learning environment to develop problem-solving comprehension skills.
problem-solving ability; mathematics formula; comprehension skills; self-efficacy and problem-solving test
Copyright (c) 2025 Asgar M. Anda, Ghadah Al Murshidi, Asghar Ali, Ahmed Al Zaabi, Abdulazeez H. Wudil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of the Public Employee Performance Management Information System (PEPMIS) on Teacher Performance in Tanzania: A Critical Review of Literature
Technological innovations have revolutionized educational systems globally, with performance management systems emerging as vital tools for aligning individual teacher performance with broader institutional objectives. In Tanzania, the Public Employee Performance Management Information System (PEPMIS) was introduced to enhance teacher performance by integrating goal-setting, monitoring, and feedback processes within a centralized digital platform. However, despite its potential, PEPMIS faces significant challenges, including data integrity issues, insufficient training, and inconsistencies in aligning performance ratings with rewards. This study provides a systematic literature review of PEPMIS and its impact on teacher performance in Tanzania, guided by the Management by Objectives (MBO) framework. The review explores PEPMIS’s role in goal setting, performance monitoring, feedback mechanisms, and the rewards system, identifying key obstacles and offering recommendations for improving the system’s implementation. The study contributes to the broader discourse on performance management systems in developing countries and provides practical insights into optimizing the system to enhance educational outcomes.
PEPMIS; Teacher performance; performance management system education technology; teacher evaluation; public sector; accountability
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmed S. Bakar, Kalafunja M. O-saki, Prospery M. Mwila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An analysis of the problems faced during COVID-19 and their impact on student's academic learning at the university level in Faisalabad, Pakistan
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered coronavirus. The year 2020 will go down in history as the year of the new coronavirus (COVID-19). Hundreds of thousands of people died from the plague around the world, schools and companies closed their doors, masks became popular in public areas, and unemployment skyrocketed. The population of the research was all post-graduate students of the public sector universities of Faisalabad. The population consists of 326 postgraduate students of 2nd semester, out of which, 143 students were selected by using the online sampling calculator www.surveysystem.com with a 95% confidence level and 5% confidence interval. The questionnaire was used as a research instrument for data collection. The data was analyzed through a statistical package for social science (SPSS). The top most 1st ranked problem faced by students relating to research during COVID-19 was less interaction with other research students with 525 weightage score and 2nd ranked problem found to be lack of communication with 522 weightage score. Cost of internet was the 1st and the top most technological impact on students’ academic learning during COVID-19 situation with 547 weightage score. The 2nd ranked was problem in LMS login, due to burden on website with weightage score 533. We all students and educational institutions need to work together to resolve the issues that are slowing us down in the development of academic life.
COVID-19; disease; education; quality; university education
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining patient satisfaction with emergency department care at a district headquarters hospital, Kasur, Punjab.
Patient satisfaction is an important issue in the healthcare process, which also plays a crucial role in measuring the effectiveness of healthcare delivery. Moreover, patient satisfaction has absolute importance in the quality assessment as its comprehensive analysis can highlight both the well-functioning and problematic aspects of a hospital. Present study was performed to assess the patient satisfaction in Emergency Department of DHQ Hospital Kasur. This study was Descriptive cross-sectional, conducted in the emergency department at district headquarters hospital, Kasur, Punjab. The sample size of this study was 382 patients. A survey was conducted to collect the target data via close-ended questionnaire. SPSS, version 24 was utilized to analyze the data. The findings of this study show that there was not a single patient who reported a lower level of satisfaction. The majority of the respondents (82.7%) reported a moderate level of satisfaction. A minority of the patients (17.3%), reported a higher level of satisfaction with emergency department care in DHQ Hospital Kasur.
Health; satisfaction; patients; Patient; Healthcare
An Economic Research on the Production, Consumption, and Foreign Commerce (Exports and Imports) of Dairy and its Products in Egypt
This economic research delves into the dynamics of dairy production, consumption, and foreign commerce in Egypt. The study comprehensively analyzes the dairy industry, examining both domestic production and international trade, including exports and imports. Through rigorous economic analysis and statistical examination, the research sheds light on various aspects of the dairy sector in Egypt. It investigates factors influencing production levels, consumption patterns, and trade dynamics, providing valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers. In Egypt, milk production is influenced by both the quantity of dairy cattle available and the productivity of the animals, which is a significant factor when compared to foreign breeds. The mean of the overall dairy production in Egypt is approximately 5.2 million tonnes, which constitutes an average value. The dairy production for the year 2020 amounted to 38,026 million pounds. The text represents the years from 2000 to the present. Raw milk is a food that protects against sickness. Due to its abundance of essential nutrients, vitamins, and mineral salts, as well as its ability to provide a well-rounded and nutritious diet, it holds a significant position in promoting overall health. It is undervalued in both the livestock and agricultural industries. In 1998, Egypt produced approximately 0.943 million metric tons of dairy goods; in 2010, production achieved 4.7 million metric tons; and in 2022, production reached 7.9 million metric tons, with a significant amount used for manufacturing. Around 20% of packaged milk is wasted, while loose milk accounts for 80% of the citizens' consumption.
Dairy; exports; imports; dairy production; dairy industry; dairy products.
Copyright (c) 2024 AbdelGawad Saad, Hani A. Mansour, Sherif S. Saad, S. K. Abd El-Mabod https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Importance of Economic Analysis for Irrigation Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Irrigation systems play a crucial role in agriculture by ensuring consistent water supply to crops, thereby enhancing productivity and mitigating the risks associated with rainfall variability. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the economics surrounding irrigation systems, including their costs, benefits, and associated factors. By examining various types of irrigation systems, such as surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation, this study aims to offer insights into their economic implications and their significance in agricultural development. Additionally, the study explores the factors influencing the adoption of irrigation systems and their impacts on farm profitability, water conservation, and environmental sustainability. The study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the economics surrounding irrigation systems and their role in enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and supporting rural livelihoods. By providing insights into the costs, benefits, and adoption factors of irrigation technologies, the study seeks to inform decision-making and policy development aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural development and water management practices. Irrigation systems are integral components of modern agriculture, serving as lifelines for crops in regions where rainfall alone is insufficient to sustain optimal growth. Their significance lies in their ability to provide consistent and controlled water supply, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and supporting rural livelihoods.
Agriculture; Irrigation systems; Economic analysis; Review; Rainfall
Copyright (c) 2024 Hani A. Mansour, Sherif S. Saad, Ebtisam I. Eldardiry, M. Abd-Elhady, S. K. Abd El-Mabod, AbdelGawad Saad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparison of quality assurance implementation in public and private banks: evidence from Faisalabad
In this study comparison of Public and privately-owned Banks has been made on the basis of quality assurance implementation. Public and Private Banks of Faisalabad region were selected as a sample. It’s a descriptive study and the data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire designed after going through various studies relevant to quality assurance and service quality of the banks. Convenient sampling technique was used to obtain the data at ease of accessibility. Responses were collected from 50 branches each for Public and Private banks with 1500 respondents. There are some studies relevant to this topic, but no study has been made yet to assess the service quality of the bank using SERVQUAL model containing 06 areas that are stated in terms of responsiveness, tangibility, empathy, technology, assurance and the last one as reliability. At various aspects the privately-owned banks were found implementing quality assurance practices more satisfactory than public ones keeping in view the dimensions of SERVQUAL model as variables to represent service quality. Further studies can be made by broadening population size and others models of assessing service quality.
Quality Assurance; Public banks; Private Banks; SERVQUAL model
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Junaid Qadir, Irfan Habib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teachers` perceptions about Data driven learning (DDL) in ESL Classrooms
DDL has gained widespread attention due to its success in language education. It is a student-centered approach that encourages independent learning as well as the finding of rules and patterns. According to Johns (1988), DDL necessitates a role reversal for both the educators and the pupils involved. Instead of imparting knowledge to students straightforward and unambiguous, the role of the teacher is more like that of a research director and collaborator. The present study aimed to investigate the Teachers’ Perceptions about DDL in ESL classrooms. To meet the objective of the research the researcher used a quantitative research design. Because the study is quantitative, the researcher employed a questionnaire to gather information. Teachers of the Bahawalpur colleges at a postgraduate level were the population of the study. There were thirty teachers in the sample. The data was gathered from respondents using a selective non-random sampling approach. For the analysis of data, the researcher used SPSS software. The tables were designed through SPSS and graphs were formulated through MS Excel. The study's findings demonstrated that although this solution requires far less time and effort from DDL teachers than traditional approaches, it still does. Teachers agreed with the statement that Teaching through the DDL method brings positive changes in ESL learners. The results revealed that Most of the respondents agreed with the statement that, The DDL method of teaching grammar highlights the formal aspects of the target language to the student.DDL materials take a long time to prepare. Although DDL resources are readily available and sufficiently comprehensive to address the needs of various defined lessons or situations, their requirements will continue to be one of the most significant barriers preventing their adoption as a standard educational practice.
Data; Teaching; Learning; ESL; Classrooms; Technology
Copyright (c) 2024 Simpara Anam, Riaz Hussain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comparative study between organic farming and the traditional cultivation of some medicinal and aromatic plants in the New Valley Governorate
The policy analysis matrix for the fennel crop in organic agriculture in the New Valley Governorate indicates the average period (2019-2021), where the negative impact of both revenues and the total work element and the land rent, which was estimated at 0.69, 0.239, 0.919 thousand pounds/acre, while there is a positive impact for each of the requirements, the net return, which was estimated at 0.051 and 1.727 thousand pounds/acre, respectively. The nominal and effective protection factors and the cost of local resources for the cumin crop in organic agriculture in the New Valley Governorate during the period (2019-2021) indicate that the local price of a ton of cumin is greater than its price at the border, and this means that the cumin farmer gets only about 1.24% of the value produced at the global price, and this means that there are no implicit taxes borne by the survivor of the cumin crop. As for the fennel crop, the fennel farmer receives only about 2.09% of the value produced at the world price, which means that there are no implicit taxes borne by the fennel crop. The effective protection factor for cumin and fennel crops in organic agriculture in the New Valley Governorate during the period (2019-2021), for the cumin crop, the effective protection factor was about 0.76, meaning that the added value of the crop at local prices is less than its counterpart evaluated at shadow prices, which confirms that there are implicit taxes on the producers of the cumin crop amounted to about 0.24%. As for the fennel crop, the effective protection factor was about 0.84, meaning that the value added of the crop at local prices is lower than its counterpart evaluated at shadow prices, which confirms that there are implicit taxes. The results of the relative importance of the productive problems facing the farmers of medicinal and aromatic plants in the study sample also showed that the most important problems are low yield and low productivity, tenure fragmentation and small production.
Organic farming, traditional farming, cumin, fennel. Governorate, prices
Copyright (c) 2024 Mervat A. S. Ashour, Rabee M. A. A. Belal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic and Productive Efficiency of Spearmint Crop in Fayoum Governorate in Egypt
Spearmint production in Egypt was not reached to the expected value. The research aims to identify the available economic possibilities for the production and marketing, the productive and economic efficiency and cost functions of the spearmint crop, for the study sample, in Fayoum governorate in Egypt. A study on a sample of 50 spearmint producers from Fayoum and Ibshewia Markazes in Fayoum Governorate, had been done during 2019/2020. It was shown from production functions, in the linear and logarithmic form and using the stepwise regression, that the most important factors affecting production were; automated labor, which was a good trend for the use of modern technologies, the trained skilled workers in the cultivation of spearmint and finally the element of nitrogen fertilizer. It was shown also that, the total production flexibility reached 1.133 which means that there was an opportunity for producers to improve and increase their production. The cost functions showed the optimal size of spearmint production was 17 tons and that of production maximization profit for the spearmint crop was 34 tons. The efficiency measures showed that, the feddan net return of spearmint was 32304 pounds, the net return on the variable costs was 2.49 pound and the net return on total costs was 1.35, which confirmed the importance of investing in spearmint cultivation. The study recommended increasing the area cultivated from the spearmint to increase Egyptian exports and improve the Egyptian agricultural trade balance.
Counselling; Spearmint; Fayoum governorate; Production function; Cost function; Economic efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hany M. Shabbara, Yehia M. Metwaly, Enaam A. Fattah, Dalia M. Nasr El Batran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empowering Students through Counseling: Purposes, Challenges, and Impact in Chiniot District Schools
This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of counselling services in Chiniot District schools, in Punjab, Pakistan. The study investigates the purposes, challenges, and impact of counselling services on student well-being. A reliable sample size of 118 10th-grade students from four selected schools was used for data collection. The survey results indicate that "Decision making" (Mean = 4.70) is the primary purpose of counselling services, followed by "Future career" (Mean = 3.25) and "Improving student’s achievements" (Mean = 3.18). Notably, "Shortage of qualified personnel" (Mean = 4.49) and "Inadequate facilities" (Mean = 4.45) were the most significant challenges faced by counselling services. On the positive side, "Improvement regarding adaptation to the school's environment" (Mean = 4.56) and "Improve your grades" (Mean = 4.29) emerged as the most notable effects of counselling services. The findings underscore the vital role of counselling services in enhancing student well-being and academic success. Recommendations are provided to address challenges and strengthen counselling support in Chiniot District schools. This research contributes valuable insights to the field and advocates continuous investment in student support and development.
Counselling; challenges; purposes; impact; empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mamoona R. Din, Warda Rehman, Sara Davis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Smartphone Technology on Quality Teaching in Public Educational Institutes at Secondary Level of Faisalabad
This study was conducted to assess the impacts of smartphone technology on quality teaching in public educational institutes at the Secondary Level of Faisalabad. The population consisted of 300 teachers from 10 schools out of 39 secondary schools which were selected at random. The sample size of this study was 119 teachers drawn through an online sampling calculator www.surveysystem.com with a confidence interval of 7 and a confidence level of 95% by SPSS. Findings show that a huge majority (70.6%) of the respondents were between the age of 36-40 years and only a fraction (8.4%) of the teachers had 1-5 years of experience while 2.5% of them had 3 family members. Among guidelines, it is helpful in creating a collaboration for subjects was rated as the 3rd as perceived by the respondents with a Mean Value of 4.55 and its weighted score was 541. Assist and support for implementing the daily program was rated as the 5th with a Mean Value of 4.40 and its weighted score was 524. It is concluded from the findings of the study that Smartphones might be one way to lock in and motivate student learning. Apart from that, smartphones could also change the way people communicate with these advanced inventions.
Copyright (c) 2023 Shafiq ur Rehman Zia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Tourism Growth on Environmental Degradation in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Relationship between Tourism Expansion and Environmental Challenges
The ecology in Pakistan is substantially impacted by the tourism industry's fast rise. We conducted a study using unit root tests to evaluate data stationary and ARDL (Autoregressive Distributive Lag) models on data ranging from 1990 to 2019 to analyze this influence. The dependent variable in our study was environmental degradation, whereas the independent variables were population increase, tourist growth, energy consumption, transportation, and tourism spending. The key findings point to a link between tourism and environmental deterioration. For example, we found that energy consumption, industrialization, transportation, and tourist expansion all had statistically significant positive effects on environmental deterioration, suggesting that growing tourism is a factor in the degradation of the environment. Our empirical results highlight the critical impact that rising tourism plays in Pakistan's environmental deterioration. As a consequence of our research, we advise the Pakistani government to focus particularly on increasing renewable energy sources in order to reduce pollution and control the environmental effects of tourism. Pakistan may achieve this balance between environmental preservation and tourism-driven economic prosperity.
Copyright (c) 2023 Usman Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Indicators of Intra-Arab Agricultural Trade in Light of Recent and Emerging Crises and Risks
The study aimed to shed light on the policies and mechanisms to enhance Arab trade exchange in light of the repercussions of recent and emerging crises and risks, based on the principle of common economic interests, in addition to proposing a set of policies to support Arab agricultural trade exchange and enhance the competitive position of Arabic agricultural foreign trade. The results have shown that there is a relative similarity in the geographical structure of the most important exporting and importing Arab countries within the framework of intra-Arab trade, which indicates the concentration of intra-Arab trade in a group of Arab countries such as the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan, which is a negative indicator in the future of inter-Arab trade exchange due to a lack of geographical diversity, which increases the exposure of intra-Arab trade to risks and crises. Also, the overlapping of the negative and the positive effects of contemporary crises and risks and the difficulty of predicting them in the long term, as well as the intensity of their impact on Arab economies in general and on Arab trade and agricultural exchange in particular. The study proposed a set of policies that would enhance Arab agricultural trade and protect it from risks. These policies are based on three axes: The first: increasing the exchanged quantities between the Arab countries of agricultural commodities by promoting them to a larger number of importers within the Arab markets, improving the quality of exported commodities, and increasing commodity diversity. The second: increasing Arab countries contribution to the intra-Arab agricultural trade, especially the markets of the countries of Morocco. The third: overcoming the negative impact of recent and emerging crises and risks that effect on inter-Arab agricultural trade exchange.
Economic study; intra-Arab; trade; agricultural exports; Arab food security
Copyright (c) 2023 Khairy H. Eleshmawiy, Laila M. ELsherif, Mohamed S. A. Said, Radwa Ragab Abo elkhair https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Relationship Between Environmental Degradation and Economic Development in Pakistan
Environment plays an important role in to effect of economic growth in Pakistan. To determine if the data are stationary, the test of unit roots is used and ARDL (Auto regressive distributive lag model) techniques on the data for the period from 1989 to 2020. In our study, the dependent variable is economic growth and the independent variables are environment, population growth, foreign direct investment, gross fixed capital formation and trade openness in Pakistan. Overall, the main results show that the environment positively affects economic growth. foreign direct investment, trade openness and gross fixed capital formation also have a direct impact on economic growth. Our empirical results suggest that the environment plays an important role to increase the economic growth of Pakistan. Findings suggest that the government of Pakistan should pay particular attention to the promote energies to control pollution to boost the economy.
Copyright (c) 2022 Usman Abbas, Muhammad A. Saleem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of using Technology Packages on the Economics of Sugar beet Production in Egypt): A Case Study in Fayoum Governorate
The data indicates a decrease in the self-sufficiency rate of sugar year after year. It is clear that there is a great difficulty in increasing the area of sugar cane, in exchange for an opportunity to increase the area of sugar beet in the lands. Modern reclamation and producers face difficulty in using and applying the technological packages used in the production of sugar beet. The Fayoum governorate is considered one of the most important sugar beet producing governorates. Therefore, an intentional random sample was taken from the sugar beet producers in it from the users of the technology package (laser, cultivation using the Printer machine, and fertilization inside the irrigation hoses). It became clear from the results of the productivity function that the most important factors affecting the production function are evident. The element of the number of automatic working hours in laser leveling has a direct effect, while the two elements of seed and nitrogen fertilization have an opposite effect, that is, rationalizing them and not being wasteful in both leads to an increase in beet production. Automatic and reverse increase by rationalizing seed cultivation and fertilization inside the irrigation hoses, and the preference of the producers who used the bundles was confirmed, as the production reached 24.6 tons of beets per feddan, compared to 20.5 tons for non-users of the bundles, and the net yield per feddan amounted to about 10165 pounds, compared to 4130 pounds for non-users of the bundle. Therefore, the research recommends paying attention to the cultivation of sugar beet using the technological package, expanding its cultivation in new lands, and working to contract with producers in the supply of the crop, and for the factory to receive the production at the date agreed upon with the producer.
Copyright (c) 2022 Yehia M. Khalil, Amr S. S. El Sayed, Hussein Q. S. Said https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0