Promising Phytochemicals in Fight Against Breast Cancer; A Narrative Review

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most prevailing cancer affecting women worldwide. This study includes a review of the genetic, molecular, and environmental factors that contribute to breast cancer pathogenesis and its progression including various genes, such as the BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 that are critical in repairing DNA as well as in hereditary breast cancer. We have also reviewed HER-2-positive breast cancer, and also further examined the oncogenic role the Ras and BRAF proteins play in breast cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Despite the conventional therapies being helpful, challenges remain such as tumor relapse and tumor metastasis, which is why alternative novel ways have to be invented for treatment. Several plant-based compounds known as phytochemicals are anticancer agents and are examined in detail in this review. They include Curcumin, EGCG, Genistein, Apigenin, Quercetin and Berberine. These compounds are discussed for properties such as inhibiting cell proliferation in cancers, modulating key molecular pathways, and inducing cell apoptosis. This review also elaborates on challenges faced in the clinical application of phytochemicals, shedding light on their bioavailability issues and drug-drug interactions. We propose that these compounds might work alongside current breast cancer treatments, especially for resistant and relapse cases.