The Journal of Human Dynamics aims to explore the intricate interplay between individuals, societies, and their environments, fostering a deeper understanding of human behavior, dynamics, and development. With a multidisciplinary approach, it seeks to provide a platform for rigorous research and scholarly discourse spanning fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, and beyond. The scope of the journal encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to social networks, cultural evolution, decision-making processes, organizational behavior, conflict resolution, sustainability, and global development. By facilitating the exchange of innovative ideas and empirical insights, the journal strives to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the promotion of positive societal change.
Usage of Antibiotics as a Legal and Policy Dilemma in Pakistan
The misuse of antibiotics is widespread in Pakistan and poses a significant risk to public health due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Despite existing regulatory structures, there are numerous challenges affecting their effective implementation. This research paper aims to explore the legal and policy issues related to antibiotic usage by employing ethnographic techniques, including participant observation and interviews. Data were collected from a sample of 26 participants residing in District Khairpur Mir’s in Sindh, selected through purposive and snowball sampling methods. Thematic analysis of the data reveals that negligence by authorities, loss of interest, lack of awareness, and poor enforcement of legal measures contribute to the rise of antibiotic resistance in healthcare facilities across Pakistan. The paper contributes to the field of medical ethics at the intersections of medical practice, law and pharmaceuticals in the context of Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sohail Ahmed, Abdul Razaque Channa, Muhammad Rafique Wassan, Syeda Raheela Bano (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Technical Efficiency of Infrastructure and its Effects on Agricultural Productivity in OECD Economies
The agricultural sector holds significant importance even for developed nations, such as those within the OECD, due to its role in meeting food supply requirements. Thus, infrastructure serves as a significant determinant of economic growth in general and agricultural productivity in particular. This study encompasses the impact of infrastructure on agriculture productivity by using DEA Data Envelop Analysis and Truncated regression, 28 OECD countries over the time period of 2017-2025. The DEA results show a strong impact of infrastructure on agricultural productivity in OECD countries. The truncated regression analysis embodies strong relationship of the variables selected to represent infrastructure on the target variable of agriculture growth. Road density, rail density, electricity consumption, and mobile subscription are variables that have demonstrated a significant impact on the agricultural sector. The developed countries like OECD countries shows that there is strong need of well maintained infrastructure for the agricultural efficiency to assure.thus the findings of this study suggest the need of the infrastructure maintenance for even developed countries to achieve the most wanted goals of international market integration, high productivity and poverty eradication by agriculture growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammarah Aslam, Omer Chaudhry (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strategic Convergence and Asymmetric Interdependence in Pakistan–China Relations
The relationship between Pakistan and China is often referred to as an all-weather strategic partnership. This article analyzes the dynamics of strategic convergence and asymmetric interdependence in the case of Pakistan-China relations. While there is convergence of geopolitical and security interests between both states, especially to balance India and regional stability, the relationship has structural asymmetries, which favor China economically, technologically, and diplomatically. Drawing on the qualitative analysis of secondary literature, official statements, and modern geopolitical developments, the study proposes that class cooperation is maintained due to kingdom strategic convergence, but growing financial dependence on Chinese capital, infrastructure investment and security support limits Pakistan's strategic autonomy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rashida Ahmad, Sana Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Migration and Human Development in Selected OIC Countries
The study investigates the relationship between migration, remittances, and Human Development in selected OIC countries over the period 2000 to 2019. Four separate models were built for the purpose of testing the theory. The Fixed Effect Model is estimated after checking its validity using the Hausman test, while the short-run association is measured using a VECM. In addition, FMOLS approach was also used to reveal the structure and strength of inter-variable relationships. We found that migration has a positive and insignificant impact on remittances and human development in both bivariate and multivariate models. In multivariate models other variables like corruption, political openness and political Stability had a significant and positive impact on remittances but population had an insignificant and positive impact. Population and foreign direct investment are associated with enhanced levels of human development, while political stability showed an insignificant and positive impact and trade had a negative but significant impact on human development. This study's rationale supports policymakers, economic researchers, and investors
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahmood ul Hasan, Sabila Raees, Muhammad Nauman Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Social Safety Nets and Household Welfare: Insights from the Benazir Income Support Program in District Bhakkar
Poverty is a complex problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite the various measures taken, there is still a long way to go in eradicating poverty and improving the standard of living for all. The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) is the largest cash transfer initiative in Pakistan, designed to improve the well-being of the targeted population, thus playing a crucial role in addressing the multifaceted challenges of poverty. This quantitative study evaluated the impact of BISP on socioeconomic development in district Bhakkar. For this purpose, primary data of 320 households was collected through self-administered questionnaires across all four tehsils of district Bhakkar, namely Bhakkar, Darya Khan, Mankera, and KallurKot. The study employed Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique to estimate Average Treatment on the Treated (ATT) effect. Results indicate a significant, positive impact of BISP cash grants on per capita monthly total expenditures, mainly on food and health expenditures, as well as a positive effect on women's employment rates. This research provides valuable insights into role of BISP in improving household welfare and socioeconomic development, offering important considerations for policymakers aiming to optimize cash transfer programs in similar contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Sajid, Bilal Ahmed, Syed Mushahid Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Education for Sustainable Development in Pre-ServiceTeacher Education: An Assessment of ProspectiveTeachers’ Knowledge and Skills in a B.Ed. Four-YearProgram
This study was designed to assess the increased knowledge of prospective teachers about education for sustainable development while completing their B.Ed. four-years program. The objectives of this study were to assess the gained knowledge of prospective teachers about ESD and the extent to what extent knowledge is given to prospective teachers about SDGs. Also, the level of pedagogical competency is developed during pre-service training. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data were collected from 243 prospective teachers in their 7th and 8th semesters across six public universities in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Multan. The purposive sampling technique was employed, and the prospective teachers of only the 7th and 8th semester B. Ed four-year program were selected. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was employed for data collection. The results indicate that prospective teachers possess general awareness about SDGs that were introduced in B.Ed. programs, rather than explaining each goal along with sub-parts in-depth. More than half of the prospective teachers reported that they learned the concept of ESD during their B.Ed. four-year program. The majority of respondents (prospective teachers) considered that the B. Ed four-year degree program was effective in enhancing their pedagogical skills. Nevertheless, a small number of prospective expressed concerns regarding the integration of ESD in the B.Ed. four-year program, as they didn’t consider this program very helpful in developing comprehensive ESD-related knowledge. Based on these findings, this study recommends that Education for Sustainable Development should be part of the B.Ed. programs, as Pakistan is a developing country facing multiple challenges such as poverty, climate, and inequality. So, integration of ESD into a B.Ed four year program is essential for promoting future sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazia Kanwal, Ishrat Siddiqa Lodhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Digitalization in Alleviating Poverty across Developing Economies
This study examines how digitalization and macroeconomic conditions jointly shape inclusive development in the Global South. Using an unbalanced panel of up to 85 developing and emerging economies over 1995–2024, it constructs a composite Digitalisation Index and estimates three structural equations for poverty. Fixed-effects, random-effects and two-stage least-squares estimators address unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity, while interactions with institutional quality and energy structure capture context dependence. Results show that higher digitalisation significantly reduces poverty and raises real GDP per capita, with the largest gains in low- and lower-middle-income economies and where governance is stronger and financial systems are deeper. The findings underline that digital and green transitions must be sequenced and co-ordinated to deliver inclusive, sustainable development, and they provide comparable elasticities for theory and policy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aimen Javaid, Noreen Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Mediating Role of Human Development in the Relationship between Globalization and Environmental Quality: Evidence from Developing Countries
This study investigates the relationship among globalization, human development, and environmental quality using data from hundreds of developing countries from 2000 to 2024. It specifically examines the moderating role of the Human Development Index (HDI) in the globalization–environment nexus. The results indicate that in developing countries globalization has deteriorating environmental effects the interaction between HDI and the KOF Globalization Index (KOFGI) has a significantly positive effect on ecological footprints. Marginal effects analysis further shows consistently positive impacts across the entire data range, with turning points occurring beyond the observed values, highlighting the reinforcing influence of human development on the environmental impacts of globalization. Results indicate that Globalization can lower ecological footprints and increase environmental quality in countries with human development. Globalization linearly improves environmental quality and human development index.
Copyright (c) 2025 kanwal Younas, Noreen Safdar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Food Security in Hyderabad: Water Governance, Climate-Smart Farming, and Sustainable Agriculture
This paper investigates the critical paradigms of food security in the Hyderabad division, focusing on the intertwined issues of water governance, climate-smart farming practices, and sustainable agriculture. To undertake this research, a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative tools to capture detailed insights into the region's agricultural and water management challenges was adopted. Data were gathered using a blend of surveys, interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Surveys, predominantly composed of close-ended questions, provided structured data, while interviews employed open-ended questions to obtain in-depth responses. The study’s sample population was drawn from four districts within the Hyderabad division—Badin, Thatta, Dadu, and Matiari—ensuring diversity in terms of gender and age demographics. The research found out that climate change is impacting the overall agriculture system. The study identifies food insecurity as a critical issue in Hyderabad Division, closely tied to inadequate agricultural productivity. Water scarcity emerges as the primary driver of crop failures, financial distress, and demotivation among small farmers. The findings affirm that food security cannot be achieved without securing reliable water access for cultivation. Consequently, policy reforms must prioritize efficient water governance and food waste reduction and adoption to smart farming technology to enhance agricultural resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shuja Ahmed Mahesar, Abdul Razaque Channa, Aajiz Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Politics of Consumption: Fischler’s Food Theory and Moral Agency in the Dystopia of The Platform
This study focuses on the symbolic and disciplinary role of food in The Platform (2019), examining how consumption becomes a mechanism for shaping, eroding, and potentially reclaiming subjectivity within systems of inequality. It is the theme of the paper that food, identity, and power are intertwined in a closed, hierarchical setting, where access to food is the key to not only survival but also moral behavior and self-perception. Using the Claude Fischler theory of food and identity, food is used as a means of degradation, violence, and inequality, and not as a means of cultural affirmation. In this sense, the paper explores how food has turned out to be a moral agent of dehumanization and how people internalize the roles assigned to them in systems of inequality through food. It also discusses how the act of refusing to consume, especially the uneaten panna cotta, acts as an act of ethical resistance. The study also traces the protagonist's descent from an idealistic observer to an embodied participant in a violent system, illustrating how food operates not only as a source of sustenance but also as a tool of control and a site of resistance. Methodologically, this study uses close textual reading of the major scenes in the movie, especially the dialogue, character development, and space. These are thematically interpreted to show that The Platform is not only a metaphor of social stratification but also a tool of moral and psychological transformation through food. Such findings open up to further interdisciplinary interaction with food as a medium where political, ethical, and social meanings are negotiated.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maheen Wahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Socio-Economic Determinants of Higher Education in Pakistan
This endeavor investigated the impact of socio economic determinants of higher education in Pakistan and the change in their role over time. Nationally representative Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) surveys data were used for different periods (2015-16, 2010-11&2005-06). For measurement of education, number of years of schooling of individuals was used as a proxy. At household level, a categorical variable was constructed. Multinomial logistic regression has been used to find the impact of socio-economic determinants of higher education in Pakistan as dependent variable is binary. The economic factors that can play role in attainment of higher education were family income, ratio of food to total expenditures, dummy remittances, wealth and land ownership (Agri and non-Agri), savings of the household, livestock etc. Findings of the study show that among socio economic determinants, Education of household head is most significant determinant of higher education at rural urban level and in overall Pakistan for all three time periods (2015-16, 2010-11&2005-06). During survey years, in overall Pakistan, there is a significant role of food expenditures, number of sources of income and dependency ratio. Role of remittances is significant in Rural and Overall Pakistan. In Rural, Urban, and Overall Pakistan, there is a significant effect of food expenditures and number of sources of income. Dependency ratio is significant in Rural Pakistan. Regarding professions, the role of remittances is important Urban Pakistan and in Overall Pakistan, there is significant role of professionals and managers. The role of Craft & trade related workers, Plant & machine operators, assemblers, and Elementary occupations is significant in overall Pakistan. In urban Pakistan, Technicians and associate professionals’ category is statistically significant as compared to reference category (armed forces). Present study strongly recommended that literacy rate should be increased in Pakistan as it will add to human capital of the country. Vocational training and IT related programs should be promoted as they have multiplier effects on earnings required to get higher education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shazia Rahim, Muhammad Sarwar, Ashfaque Ahmad Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of Household Leverages in Faisalabad
This study is an attempt to explore the socioeconomic determinants of household leverages in Faisalabad. Primary data for this study has been collected through a structured questionnaire from 250 households. Households had borrowed money from formal and informal institutions. Structural Equation Modeling results reveal that household leverages were high among households belonging to urban areas, nuclear families, educated class, older household heads and self-employed. Financing cost, Volatile income and income effected by covid 19 were the other important determinants of household leverages. Hedonic price model was used to evaluate the level of home-value mis-estimation by conducting another regression only for those households whose heads have their own homes. The results revealed that household leverages were significantly high for those households who overestimate their home-value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saaima Ijaz, Imran Qaiser, Samra Subhani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Love Attitude on Emotional Reactivity among University Students
In modern university settings, students develop different attitudes and perceptions toward love and romantic relationships. Student’s romantic attitudes and relationships significantly impact their emotional stability, and psychological aspects of life. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of love attitude on emotional reactivity among university students. A cross-sectional survey was employed to carry out this research. Total sample of the study consist of 304 students (152 males, 152 females) aged 18-24. The sample was recruited through a convenient sampling procedure. The Attitudes Toward Love Scale (Knox and Sporakowski, 1968) and the Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale Short-Form (Becerra. R & Campitelli. G, 2013) were administered to the participants. Different statistical techniques, including Pearson product-moment correlation and linear regression, were used to analyze the data. The results indicated a negative correlation between love attitude and emotional reactivity. Moreover, the findings revealed that a love attitude significantly predicted negative emotional reactivity. These findings emphasize the importance of love attitude and its impact on emotional outcomes; provide valuable insights for educators and psychologists to develop supportive programs and different counseling strategies that foster and enhance students’ emotional regulation and their academic performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Neelam, Sadia Musharraf, Arooj Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development Induced Displacement: Key Aspect of Thar Coal Project in Sindh
Since the beginning of Thar coal project it has been connected with a number of controversial issue for instance its negative social, environmental and health effect. The displacement of the Thar is also one of the crucial controversial issues. This study has been designed to primarily focus on the key aspects of displacement of locals with is brought by the development of the Thar coal project. The Introduction part elaborates importance of Thar desert along with its reservoirs which make it the most rich coal mine. Besides, other social, environmental and health issues created by Thar coal mining is highlighted in the Literature Review. Development induced displacement has been key issue in all regions of the world, and mining induced development has increased since last so many decades especially in the South Asian developing countries as they heavily rely on coal reservoirs to meet their energy needs. The paper shed light on the displacement in Thar desert, the land disputes with the companies, and the key concerns of the locals. The brutality of government compelled people to record protest and forward their demands to protect their rights. The paper also discusses the land resettlement policies of Pakistan to explain the land dispute. The recommendation portion suggest some viable choices to secure the land rights of the locals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shuja Ahmed Mahesar, Sabahat Jaleel, Hunsa Noor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation of Women’s Poetics: A Gynocritical Analysis of Unfettered Wings by Sana Munir
This paper aims to offer a nuanced examination of Unfettered Wings (2018) from a feminist perspective. Through the distinct framework of gynocriticism, the study explores how this collection of short stories reflects and challenges the traditional representation of women at various levels. In particular, the study indulges in an in depth examination of the stories in light of the four dimensional model of gynocriticism that includes Biological, Linguistic, Psychological and Cultural analysis. The analysis emphasizes the role, agency, and portrayal of female characters in the stories. By examining how these characters conform to or subvert female archetypes, the study explores implications for the broader representation of women. Through a step-wise gynocritical critique, this paper explores how each story engages with gender expectations, revealing the complex, marginalized interiority of women's experiences. The research considers the broader socio-cultural context in which Sana Munir wrote, shedding light on the constraints and possibilities available to women in Pakistan. The analysis seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of how Unfettered Wings (2018) participates in and challenges the literary traditions that shape the portrayal of women specifically in Pakistan, making visible the often overlooked dimensions of women's narratives within the broader literary canon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aaisha Umt Ur Rashid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Infrastructure and Economic Growth: Panel Analysis of Selected Asian Countries
Effective and reliable infrastructure is considered helpful for economic growth. Particularly, transport infrastructure is an important factor in the development of countries. The infrastructure can be classified into different dimensions i.e. economic and social infrastructure. The current study uses panel analysis techniques to examine the association between infrastructure and economic growth. The panel data is used having a period from 2000-2020 for selected Asian countries. Panel unit root tests are applied to check the stationarity of the data, and findings depict that all variables are stationary at the first difference. After analyzing the unit root properties, the Pedroni cointegration technique is employed to assess the long-run association. The results indicate that all variables have an association in the long run. Furthermore, the Random effect model is employed for empirical investigations. The results concluded that transport infrastructure, energy use, and communication infrastructures positively affect the economic growth in the selected Asian countries. It is recommended that the government stress public expenditure to ensure effective infrastructure, promoting economic growth. It is also suggested that more budget may be consumed to make the roads, dams, telecommunication services, and bridges.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahmood ul Hasan, Muhammad Imran Hassan, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Nauman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Urdu Version of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System
The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS) is a widely utilized tool for screening and classifying IBS patients according to the severity of their symptoms. This study aimed to translate the IBS-SSS into Urdu, culturally adapt it, and validate it for the Urdu-speaking Pakistani population. The translation process involved forward translation, reconciliation, backward translation, an expert committee review, and cognitive interviewing to ensure conceptual and semantic precision. The final Urdu-translated scale was administered to 250 participants (146 females and 104 males) aged 18-67 years (M = 35.69, SD = 12.56). Structural validity was assessed using EFA. The IBS-SSS scores were correlated with GSRS-IBS to determine the convergent validity, while the scores of IBS patients were compared with healthy individuals on different severity levels to explore the discriminant validity. The EFA confirmed the scale's unidimensionality with the KMO measure of the adequacy of 0.91 and Bartlet test of sphericity being significant (p > .001). The reliability assessment suggested robust results with Cronbach’s alpha a = 0.96, indicating high inter-item internal consistency, test-retest reliability ranging from 0.89 to 0.98, and the split-half reliability score yielding highly significant results with a = 0.92 (p < 0.01). Convergent validity revealed a moderate to strong correlation with a value of (r = .65, p < 0.01). For discriminant validity, significant differences in the scores of IBS patients and non-patients were observed, where IBS patients scored higher on all IBS types irrespective of their symptom severity (p < .001). The findings indicated that the Urdu-translated version of IBS-SSS is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of symptom severity in the Pakistani population with IBS. Future studies should investigate the applicability of the scale across diverse Urdu-speaking populations and IBS subtypes, examining its validity in longitudinal studies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yasmeen Niazi, Bisma Ejaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Foreign Capital Dynamics and Macroeconomic Performance in South Asia
Foreign capital is regarded as a vital resource for raising a developing nation's standard of living and wellbeing. Researchers and academics are concentrating on analyzing how foreign capital affects emerging nations. This study examines how foreign capital affects the economic growth of six South Asian nations between 2001 and 2020. The primary measures of foreign capital utilized in this study are official development assistance, foreign direct investment, and migrant remittances. The GDP growth rate is a measure of macroeconomic performance. The empirical analysis is conducted using sophisticated panel data estimate methods, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS), and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS). The study concludes that official development assistance has a negative impact on economic growth, whereas remittances and foreign direct investment have a beneficial effect.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salma Mouneer, Iqra Yaqoob (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI Integration into Public Relations: A Cross-cultural Study of Low Uncertainty Avoidance Culture (the US) vs. High Uncertainty Avoidance Culture (Pakistan).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing every industry, globally. The integration of AI into PR (PR) offers significant advantages, however, it varies across cultures. This study explores the integration of AI into PR with a cross-cultural lens, focusing on the United States (US) and Pakistan. It draws on 20 interviews with PR professionals for a comparative study. Utilizing Hofstede’s cultural dimension of the Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), the research examines how culture plays its role in the attitudes toward the integration of AI into PR. Thematic analysis reveals that the US depicted a greater acceptance of AI, citing specific tools and rules, and a smoother integration of AI into PR with less anxiety and uncertainty. It perceived more benefits and the ease of use helped better integration. Pakistan, a high UAI culture, faces challenges due to a lack of clear rules, fewer resources, and openness. There is more uncertainty and anxiety about AI integration. Pakistan finds job loss as a challenge while the US considers pricey subscriptions as an obstacle. The findings provide insights to the PR professionals for culturally adaptive AI strategies. It contributes to the growing body of literature on the intersection of PR, AI, and Culture.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ayesha Zahid, Mudassir Mukhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Foreign Direct Investment and Financial Openness: A Fresh Evidence from Developing Economies
One of the critical challenges confronting developing nations is the attraction of foreign direct investment. This study examines the impact of financial openness on FDI inflows in developing countries using panel data spanning the period from 1993 to 2022, sourced from the World Development Indicators and the Worldwide Governance Indicators. The analysis employs the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to assess the relationship between FDI inflows (measured as net inflows as a percentage of GDP) and key economic and institutional factors, including financial openness, trade openness, GDP per capita, corruption levels, and political stability. The findings reveal that all these variables exhibit a significant and positive effect on FDI inflows at the aggregate level. Further regional analysis highlights variations across Asia and Africa. In Asia, while most variables positively influence FDI, financial openness and corruption exert a negative impact. Conversely, in Africa, all variables positively affect FDI except for corruption, which negatively influences investment due to the region’s persistent political instability. This study underscores the pivotal role of financial openness, political stability, and corruption levels in shaping FDI inflows. A stable political environment serves as a key determinant in attracting higher levels of foreign investment. Moreover, an increasing GDP per capita and an expanding domestic market enhance a country’s attractiveness to foreign investors. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers seeking to cultivate a favorable investment climate and promote sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnaz Muhammad Ali Ali, Rehana kousar, Rana Sharjeel Akhtar, Shabana Rasheed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring Psychoanalytic and Feminist Elements in Murata's Convenience Store Woman
This study explores the psychoanalytic and feminist elements in Murata's Convenience Store Woman. The id, ego, and superego personality structures are used to organize the data that has been found. The main character's (Keiko) id urges her to act on a primal impulse, chase pleasure, delight, and fulfillment that she must possess, and act on her own accord under the influence of her subconscious. The main character's ego makes her more perceptive to practical ideas that help in decision-making and problem-solving. Her superego controls Keiko's moral principles and idealistic outlook. The stereotype of women as affected by patriarchal culture is also a topic of discussion. The purpose of this study is to explain various forms of misconceptions about women while also demonstrating how female characters may challenge them. The existentialist feminist ideas of Simone De Beauvoir and Sigmund Freud's theory are applied in the study. In this study, the qualitative descriptive method is applied. Techniques for taking notes and reading are used to collect data. The analysis's findings demonstrate that there are three types of stereotypes about women: those as mothers, those as incapable individuals, and those as sex objects. The findings show that Keiko's id, ego, and superego make up her personality as the main character.
Copyright (c) 2024 Naila Khadim Naila Khadim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Audit Management Information System in Pakistan: Challenges and Future Road Map
The Department of Auditor General of Pakistan is the constitutional institution that works to support parliamentary oversight at the federal and provincial levels. Improvements in the Government’s audit processes will contribute to sound financial management, transparency, and accountability in the use of public funds. Improved auditing will contribute to better monitoring and oversight of SDGs and service delivery, by legislature. DAGP is established to ensure that the Executive complies with the various laws and Schedules of Authorized Expenditure passed by the Legislature in letter and spirit. The research is based on transforming the traditional audit cycle to a digitized process; the challenges being faced and the anticipated results of successful implementation of digitized Audit. Accountability in public sector organizations is not only necessary for financial governance but it is also imperative for improvement in public service delivery. This role of accountability has primarily been assigned to the Department of Auditor General of Pakistan. Keeping in view the increased role of Audit in public financial management DAGP has taken a bigger reform initiative this time which is automation of the whole audit Cycle.
Copyright (c) 2024 Madiha Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating Blockchain Technology into Healthcare, A Decentralized Ledger That Improves Respect for Patients' Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
A patient's medical record is an essential tool for treatment and care. However, questions about privacy, interoperability, and data fragmentation have been brought to light by conventional EHR systems. The research here employs blockchain technology to safeguard the transfer and storage of patient data. Since blockchain transactions may be recorded across several computers in a decentralized manner, any future data changes will need updating each subsequent block. The study makes use of tools such as Ganache, Truffle, Metamask, ZKPs, IPFS and RemixIDE. Blockchain validation is used for patient record retrieval; this procedure generates an encrypted Content ID and a decryption symmetric key. Further assurance of privacy and security is provided by the integration of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), which enable users to demonstrate record access privileges without disclosing sensitive information. In addition to boosting resilience and interoperability across systems, this decentralized strategy increases the confidentiality, integrity, transparency, and access management of healthcare data. The combination of blockchain technology with zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) increases the reliability of healthcare transactions by safely confirming data access between nodes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hafiz Gulfam Ahmad Umar, Mariam Fareed, Sana Rubab, Romiza Rubab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Configuring Markedness Theory of Opposition in Qaisara Sheraz’s Typhoon: A Feministic Binary Opposed Linguistic Analysis
This paper aims to explore the status of women accompanied by patriarchal practices in Pakistan. The linguistic features are analyzed to find the stereotypes as the product of marked and unmarked socio-cognitive structures. Markedness theory of binary opposition has been implied as a theoretical framework. The data includes a few of the lines of the novel selected through purposive sampling. The research proposes qualitative enumeration of the feministic binary opposition. The results show the binary oppositions as marked and unmarked structures of cultural practices enduring cognitive strata through generational practice. The marked suppressive roles of women are subjected to overdue unmarked dominant roles of men. Unmarked dominant roles of the males exhibited the unjust behavior of men around Naghmana, Gulshan, and Chuadharani Kaniz. The results also depicted the negative concepts associated with roles attributed to the unmarked notion of women. The negative roles for women as unmarked concepts show their suppressive roles. The research is significant in analyzing the binary roles as the cause of unequal social relations. It implies the markedness of linguistic choices as a tool to analyze the social structure through binary opposition. The research is particular in providing an additional hierarchy of feminine markedness in the theory of binary opposition. The study also contributes to cognitive studies by implying unmarked dominant roles as the result of naturally existing, frequent, and socially practiced cognitive strata.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ms. Sundar Huma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Beyond the Classroom: The Role of Technology in Modern Education
Technology has become an integral aspect of people’s lives, which has affected education significantly. This paper explores the transformative role of digital technologies in education, highlighting how technological advancements have enabled students and instructors to transcend traditional classroom barriers. It examines the benefits of tools such as virtual collaboration platforms, AI-driven learning systems, and digital classrooms in enhancing engagement, personalizing education, and providing global access to learning. Despite the benefits, challenges such as unequal access to technology, excessive screen time, and the digital divide remain critical issues. The paper also addresses the shift toward self-paced learning, the integration of AI and big data in customizing educational experiences, and the ongoing need for teacher training in digital tools. As education continues to evolve, the future holds promise for more personalized, data-driven, and inclusive learning environments, though achieving equal access and minimizing health risks are ongoing concerns. Ultimately, digital technologies are reshaping education, offering new opportunities for innovation, engagement, and global connectivity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rizwan Yasin, Sara Amin, Muhammad Adnan YASIN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Demographic Transition and Human Capital in Developing Countries: An Empirical Analysis
This paper provides empirical evidence that supports the bi-directional relationship between demographic transition and human capital in accordance with demographic transition model (DTM). The study uses the panel data analysis, which consists of 31 developing countries in total from 2010 to 2020.The results expose that fertility rate and mortality rate have negative effect on demographic transition while economic growth and labor force has positive effect on human capital index. The results suggest that appropriate measures ought to be taken by the government to improve the education policies and health insurance programs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahnaz Muhammad Ali, Nafeesa Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nexus between Natural Resources and Human Development in Developing Countries
From 1990–2021, this study looks at the expansion of developing nations and the complicated links between natural resources and growth. In areas where resources are abundant, this study aims to dissect the web of influences that determines how human civilization develops. To achieve this goal, we must prioritize the following seven areas: GDP per capita, life expectancy, school enrollment, carbon emissions, exports of natural resources, and access to purified water. The research uses a large dataset over 30 years to look for correlations between the selected variables. Models for panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), unit root tests, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and variance impact factors (VIF) are among the several statistical techniques used in the methodology. Panel ARDL models that include both long- and short-run coefficients help us understand the long-term and short-term impacts. According to the main results, significant markers of human development, such as life expectancy and school enrollment, are strongly correlated with specific natural resources, such as carbon emissions and the availability of clean water. For academics, development experts, and legislators working to craft policies that promote equitable and comprehensive human development in dynamic socioeconomic contexts, this data could prove to be an invaluable resource.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatima Gulzar, Shazia Khalid, Muhammad Asif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemicals a Noval Approach as Therapeutic in Prostate Cancer Treatment
Prostate cancer stands as a prominent cause of mortality among men globally. The escalating challenges of resistance, toxicity, and side effects associated with traditional treatments have propelled a shift toward more intensive and aggressive approaches in prostate cancer treatment. The persistent rise in incidence coupled with the inadequacy of conventional therapies in managing advanced prostate cancer necessitates the exploration and development of innovative agents for both the treatment and prevention of this malignancy. The utilization of naturally occurring compounds in chemoprevention has emerged as a promising and cost-effective strategy in recent decades. This approach aims to decrease the incidence and morbidity of prostate cancer (PCa) by inhibiting precancerous events before the onset of clinical disease [28]. Prostate cancer (PCa) presents a substantial opportunity for intervention to prevent or impede its progression. With its high incidence and extended latency, PCa remains an ideal candidate for chemoprevention. Pursuing agents that provide substantial protection against the development of this disease is crucial. The discovery of effective chemopreventive agents could have a considerable impact on disease-related costs, morbidity, and mortality for a significant portion of the population
Copyright (c) 2024 Zahra mumtaz, Shazia Perveen, Sumaira Kanwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness, Institutional Performance and Economic Growth in Pakistan
The study aims to investigate how foreign direct investment, trade openness, and institutional performance affect economic growth in Pakistan for the period of 1990- 2022. Statistical and econometric methods have been used to investigate the research empirically. Initially we checked stationarity by using the augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and obtained mixed findings of the stationary in the result. Many relevant studies have been examined for this purpose and then the model is constructed by approaching economic growth as a dependent variable and trade openness, foreign direct investment, institutional performance, gross fixed capital formation and employed labor force as explanatory variables. To find short-run and long- run effects of economic growth. ARDL modeling approach was applied which is the most appropriate technique over some other techniques of integration after scrutinizing the stationarity of data through the ADF test.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bisma Amjad, Raima Nazar, Sajid Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Remittances on Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries
This study examines the influence of remittances on poverty alleviation in developing countries. The data from eighteen developing countries is used for the years 2001 to 2020. For data analysis, panel unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration test and panel ARDL model are used. The study found that foreign remittances are negatively and significantly related to the poverty eradication. Similarly, gross fixed capital formation, labor force participation rate, trade and human capital are negatively and significantly while the variable inflation rate positively and significantly related to the poverty in developing countries. Considering the study's outcomes, it is concluded that remittances are crucial in mitigating the poverty level in developing countries. Therefore, it is recommended that governments should provide migration-friendly measures, such as incentives for workers to travel overseas and remit funds legally rather than illegally. Low-income families would benefit from this, but it would also help the government increase its foreign reserve.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0