Journal of Agriculture and Biology
type: channel
description: Journal of Agriculture and Biology aims to be a leading platform for disseminating cutting-edge research in agriculture and biology, fostering interdisciplinary dialogue, and advancing sustainable development. Its scope includes a wide array of topics, such as crop science, agronomy, soil science, genetics, microbiology, ecology, and biodiversity. By promoting scholarly excellence and inclusivity, the journal seeks to address contemporary challenges in agriculture and biology, including climate change adaptation, pest management, and biodiversity conservation. Through original research articles, reviews, and perspectives, it endeavors to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and innovation in these fields, with a particular emphasis on the intersection between agriculture and biology and its implications for food security, environmental sustainability, and human health.
publisher: Roots Press
language: en
publication name: Journal of Agriculture and Biology
issn: 3007-1755
items: Influence of Cotton Plant Density on Insect Pest Phenology under Changing Climate Scenario
items: Jaggery based spray as a potential tool in improving natural enemies on maize against Spodoptera frugiperda
items: Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Zinnia (Zinnia Elegans) Against Exogenous Application of NPK and Boron
items: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of ESBL Bacteria in the Human Population
items: Assessment of Cilantro in Relation to Nutrients (Iron and Zinc) Application
items: Biofortification of Cilantro (Corriandrum sativum) in Relation to Calcium, Iodine and Selenium Application
items: Toxicity analysis of three different essential (clove, taramira & neem oil) against sugarcane black bug (Cavelerius excavatus)
items: Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Volatile Oil of Jasminum grandiflorum (Leaf) from Pakistan
items: Antifungal Assessment of Chemical and Biological Control Agents Against Major Seed-Borne Pathogens of Sesame
items: Postharvest Hexanal Application Delays Pericarp Browning Under Cold Storage in Litchi Fruit
items: Anatomical Alterations and Management Strategies of Diplocarpon rosae Infection in Rosa centifolia
items: Accelerated Fruiting of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Meadow-Gardens in Southeast Kazakhstan
items: Essential Oil Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Alstonia scholaris (flower) from Pakistan
items: Performance Evaluation and Stress Screening of Colored Cotton Genotypes for Yield, Fiber Quality and Drought Tolerance
items: Effect of Farmyard Manure Seed Priming on Germination and Growth of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
items: Reliable Edge Federation Formation for Smart Agriculture using Machine Learning
items: ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN WORLD COLLECTION OF DURUM WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM) USING MORPHOLOGICAL, DNA AND SEED STORAGE PROTEIN MARKERS
items: OPTIMIZING PHOSPHOROUS RATES FOR DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS OF MAIZE TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY
items: Dual-Activity ACC-deaminase Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas Seed Inoculation Improves Mustard Performance under Phosphorus Deficiency Stress
items: Growth and Physiological Responses of Miscanthus × Giganteus to Combined Salinity and Drought Stress
items: Biochar and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Enhance Maize Growth and Soil Fertility
items: Antimicrobial Potential, Mechanisms, and Biosynthesis Pathways of Lichen-Derived Bioactive Compounds; A Systematic Review
items: Comparative Study of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Cassia angustifolia as Anticancer Agents against Human Cancer Line MDA-MB-231
items: Evaluation of Fungicides and Biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of Tomato
items: First Report on Nitrogen’s Role in Vivipary Suppression in Late-Maturing Mango cv. Sufaid Chaunsa
items: Impact of Stubble Incorporation on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Wheat in Semi-Arid Conditions
items: Green and Wood Waste Biochar Based Soil Amendment to Mitigate Early Blight Stress in Tomato
items: The Role of Farmer Awareness and Participatory Strategies in Combating Pink Bollworm through Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
items: Utilization of Garlic Extract for Confectionery Products
items: Screening Wheat Genotypes for Growth and Yield-Related Traits Under Normal and Salt Stress Conditions

Influence of Cotton Plant Density on Insect Pest Phenology under Changing Climate Scenario
type: item
description: Agriculture significantly contributes to Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan is the world’s fifth-largest producer of cotton, after China, United States, Brazil and India. Cotton consumption has risen in response to a significant increase in global population. However, Pakistan’s cotton production is declining due to changing environmental conditions, pest outbreaks, insecticide resistance and pest resurgence. To improve cotton cultivation and productivity, a study was conducted at Cotton Research Institute, Multan, to assess the response of different insect pests to varying planting densities. Data on the populations of whitefly, thrips, jassid, dusky cotton bugs, dusky cotton bugs and pink bollworm were recorded weekly across different plant spacings. Additionally, population of natural enemies and meteorological data were also recorded throughout the cotton growing season at these densities. Compact type cotton variety was sown using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments (T1-T5), each corresponding to different plant spacings of 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 inches, respectively; each treatment was replicated three times. The results revealed that the population of whitefly, jassid, thrips, and dusky cotton bug differed significantly across the plant densities. The highest populations of these sucking insect pests (whitefly 5.87, jassid 2.34, thrips 1.98 and dusky cotton bug 3.86) were observed in T1 (plant spacing = 6 inches), whereas the lowest populations (whitefly 4.02, jassid 0.11, thrips 1.14 and dusky cotton bug 2.90) were recorded in T5 (plant spacing = 18 inches). Pink bollworm populations did not differ significantly among treatments. The population of ants, green lacewings, lady bird beetles, and spiders differed significantly among treatments, while population of these Geocoris and Orius bugs did not show significant difference at any plant density. In T1, the populations these beneficial insects were highest, whereas they were lowest T5. These …
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Non chemical Insect pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: Sucking pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated pest management (IPM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimum cotton plant spacing
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Ishtiaq
creator: Muhammad Sohail Qamar Zaman
creator: Ghulam Ali
creator: Umer Sharif
creator: Mirza Abdul Qayyum
creator: Muhammad Akram
creator: Muhammad Rafiq Shahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ishtiaq, Muhammad Sohail Qamar Zaman, Ghulam Ali, Umer Sharif, Mirza Abdul Qayyum, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Rafiq Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-07
publication date: 2026-02-07
starting page: 09
ending page: 19
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.004.01.1829

Jaggery based spray as a potential tool in improving natural enemies on maize against Spodoptera frugiperda
type: item
description: Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a significant pest of maize in Asia and Africa. The excessive use of synthetic insecticides causes concerns of resistance, environmental pollution and reduction of natural enemies. New mechanisms that have potential to be effective include conservation biological control approaches that improve the activity of predators and parasitoids. This research determined the impacts of sugar sprays using jaggery in the abundance of arthropod predators and pests, such as S. frugiperda, in maize fields in Pakistan (Multan) across two agricultural seasons (autumn and spring). Four treatments (Prototype treatment) of full-dose of jaggery spray (17 kg ha-1), half-dose of jaggery spray (8.5 kg ha-1), water spray and an untreated control were done in a replicated field setup. Before and after the weekly applications, the predator and pests of arthropods were measured through standardized plant-based sampling and the maize damage against the S. frugiperda predator was measured with the use of the Davis leaf damage scale. Plots that had been treated with jaggery had always greater abundances of generalist predators; specifically, ants, spiders, rove beetles, and ladybird beetles than did water-sprayed and untreated plots. These results show that jaggery-based sugar sprays have the capacity to stimulate predator activity in maize agroecosystems but they do not give conclusive results on the efficiency to suppress the population of S. frugiperda when applied individually. Sugar sprays can therefore be useful in conservation biological control as an additional technique in integrated pest management initiative, and not as an isolated control mechanism.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: natural enemies
  topic: keywords
subject: S. frugiperda
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated Pest Managament
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Ishtiaq
creator: Saif Ullah
creator: Ghulam Ali
creator: Umer Sharif
creator: Mirza Abdul Qayyum
creator: Muhammad Asif Farooq
creator: Muhammad Ashfaq
creator: Muhammad Akbar Zafar Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ishtiaq, Saif Ullah, Ghulam Ali, Umer Sharif, Mirza Abdul Qayyum, Muhammad Asif Farooq, Muhammad Ashfaq, Muhammad Akbar Zafar Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 284
ending page: 292
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1828

Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Zinnia (Zinnia Elegans) Against Exogenous Application of NPK and Boron
type: item
description: Study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of macronutrients (NPK) and micronutrients (boron) on the growth and flowering of “Zinnia elegans” cv. Zinnia Binary’s Giant under the subtropical climate of Lahore. The study was comprised ten treatments with four replications, including a control with different combination of boron and NPK applications. Seeds of “Zinnia Benary’s Giant” were sown in germination tray having substrate of leaf manure, sand, and silt, and transplanted into 12-inch earthen pots at the age of 20 days. Foliar applications of nutrients were started 25 days after transplanting. Data regarding following parameters were recorded such as days to flowering, fresh and dry weight of plant and flower, plant height, root length, flower diameter, leaf area and chlorophyll content, proline content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and total phenolics using standardized measurement techniques. After statistical analysis, results indicated that 50 ppm boron significantly reduced the time to flower opening to 55.75 days, while NPK applications generally delayed flowering. The optimal combination of 50 ppm boron and 2g NPK resulted in maximum, plant fresh weight (32.4 g), and dry weight (7.575 g), root length (33.325 cm), shoot length (57 cm) than control showed smallest shoot length (22.125cm), root length (10.125cm), pant fresh weight (13.175g) and dry weight (2.7g). Flower diameter peaked at 8.5225 cm with this treatment. Notably, chlorophyll content reached 5.002 mg/g FW, while peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and activities, indicators of plant stress response, were highest with the combined nutrient application. In contrast, higher boron concentrations (100 ppm) suppressed growth and enzyme activity. Generally, the outcomes suggest that the synergistic application of 50 ppm boron and 2g NPK significantly enhances the growth and flowering of “Zinnia elegans”, emphasizing importance of optimal nutrient mana…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Flowers
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinnia
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield
  topic: keywords
subject: Boron
  topic: keywords
subject: Floriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Aimen Shafqat
creator: Muhammad Shafiq
creator: Sumreen Anjum
creator: Tanveer Hussain
creator: Muhammad Amir
creator: Muhammad Irfan Ashraf
creator: Muhammad Taqqi Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aimen Shafqat, Muhammad Shafiq, Sumreen Anjum, Tanveer Hussain, Muhammad Amir, Muhammad Irfan Ashraf, Muhammad Taqqi Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
starting page: 273
ending page: 283
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1824

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of ESBL Bacteria in the Human Population
type: item
description: Growing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans has become an intense global concern. Dissemination of extended-spectrum beta- lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli across the geographic boundaries is causing a grave challenge to the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the mechanism of antibiotic resistance patterns prevailing in human interface and the need to employ one health approach to counter these alarming trends. Our objective was to inspect the MDR (Multi Drug Resistant) Enterobacter isolates for specific ESBL producing genes (CTX-M, SHV, TEM and OXA) and elicit the resistance profiling of Enterobacteriaceae family using conventional PCR. The study also intended to establish a One Health link in the dissemination and incidence patterns of ESBL bacteria. Bacterial strains were isolated by employing Gene JET Gel genomic kit. After isolation of bacterial DNA and gel electrophoresis clear DNA bands in the 1% agarose gel were obtained. Out of 100 isolates, 31 (31%) isolates were ESBL producers showing a greater degree of resistance to antibiotics. Its prevalence is not common in humans. Highest level of resistance was found in Amoxicillin followed by Ceftriaxone. Elements of resistance were also found in TZP, NIT and CTX in varying degrees. The resistance pattern in the samples taken from human were almost the same with minute differences. This indicates that a common resistance mechanism is operating across these different sources, while also highlighting multiple pathways through which humans are exposed to resistant bacteria and their associated resistance genes. Future work in this area will need enhanced statistical capabilities and multiple samples from humans. Techniques of molecular biology like meta-genomic analysis of entire DNA, and bioinformatics analytical tools have the potential to replace current techniques.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: ESBL
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Enterobacteriaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: Human interface
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahra Raza
creator: Naeem Ali
creator: Shaukat Ali
creator: Muhammad Naeem Raza
creator: Ayesha Azad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Raza, Naeem Ali, Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Naeem Raza, Ayesha Azad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 293
ending page: 301
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1816

Assessment of Cilantro in Relation to Nutrients (Iron and Zinc) Application
type: item
description: Human beings face various disorders due to dietary nutrient imbalance Hidden hunger appeared as a prominent issue in least developed nations and is responsible for affecting over three billion lives across the globe. Mineral supplementation and fortification of vegetable crops can address the issue of inadequate nutrition availability. Current study was focused on assessing the nutritional profile of vegetables after supplementation of iron and zinc. Seed of coriander (cilantro) was were directly sown in the trays (2 inches deep). A total of eighteen treatment units were established, comprising nutrient treatments (Fe and Zn) as well as a control. Three concentrations of each nutrient, applied as foliar as basal method, triplicated were evaluated. The young plants was analyzed for different attributes like physical and biochemical indices (Total soluble solids, Vitamin C, acidity, carotenoids, chlorophyll contents, lipophilic antioxidants (LPA), starch contents, amino acids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic contents. The results indicated that supplementation of 200ppm Zn and Fe @ 1.5mM concentration is optimal for maintaining the normal growth of plants. Thus, it could be proposed that the growth of cilantro under 200ppm Zn, and Fe @1.5mM increased the intake of these nutrients and other beneficial compounds for human health
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Micronutrient
  topic: keywords
subject: Flavonoid
  topic: keywords
subject: TSS
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutriention
  topic: keywords
subject: Coriander
  topic: keywords
creator: Tahira Abbas
creator: Khadija Altaf
creator: Waqas Ahmad
creator: Madiha Butt
creator: Niaz Ahmed Wahocho
creator: Muzamil Farooq Jamali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tahira Abbas, Khadija Altaf, Waqas Ahmad, Madiha Butt, Niaz Ahmed Wahocho, Muzamil Farooq Jamali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 256
ending page: 264
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1770

Biofortification of Cilantro (Corriandrum sativum) in Relation to Calcium, Iodine and Selenium Application
type: item
description: Micronutrients and macronutrients are the key elements of a healthy diet. The micronutrient iodine and selenium are essential trace elements which are mostly obtained by food or supplements and Calcium is the 5th most abundant macro element important for proper functioning of body. The purpose of this research focused to identify the appropriate the dose and application way of these mineral elements for improving the nutrient status of vegetables for improving the human diet. Certified seeds of cilantro were obtained from an authorized nursery and sown in trays at the depth of 2 inches. The study consisted of four treatment conditions; iodine, selenium, calcium and control treatment. Three replications of each treatment were planned, comprised of one tray. The harvested produce was evaluated for different morphological (plant fresh and dry weight, shoot and root length, number of leave and leaf diameter), biochemical parameters (Total soluble solids, Vitamin c, acidity, carotenoids, chlorophyll contents, lipophilic antioxidant(LPA), starch contents, amino acids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic contents) and ionic contents (I, Se and calcium). The results demonstrated that supplementation with iodine @2.5mg/L, selenium @1mg/L and Calcium @200ppm were optimal doses for maintaining the plant health and increased the accumulation in edible parts of cilantro plants. Iodine application @2.5mg reached maximum 205.76µg in foliar parts and 254.43µg in roots while selenium @1mg concentrations reached 230µg and 220mg in foliar and basal plant parts. However, highest calcium contents were quantified in Ca @200ppm concentration. These levels are sufficient to meet the world health organization’s daily recommended doses of I, Se and Ca.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Micronutrients
  topic: keywords
subject: Macronutrients
  topic: keywords
subject: Iodine
  topic: keywords
subject: Selenium
  topic: keywords
subject: Calcium
  topic: keywords
subject: Cilantro
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrient Biofortification
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant Morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: Biochemical Parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionic Contents
  topic: keywords
creator: Tahira Abbas
creator: Khadija Altaf
creator: Waqas Ahmad
creator: Madiha Butt
creator: Niaz Ahmed Wahocho
creator: Muzamil Farooq Jamali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tahira Abbas, Khadija Altaf, Waqas Ahmad, Madiha Butt, Niaz Ahmed Wahocho, Muzamil Farooq Jamali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 248
ending page: 255
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1769

Toxicity analysis of three different essential (clove, taramira & neem oil) against sugarcane black bug (Cavelerius excavatus)
type: item
description: Sugarcane is a significant industrial cash crop that accounts for almost 80% of the world's sugar production, sugarcane is also very important economically in Pakistan. Sugarcane black bug is one of the sucking pest of sugarcane crop and creating significant yield and quality losses. Although conventional chemical pesticides are effective, their misuse contamination endanger human health, soil biology, and the environment. Naturally derived biopesticides offer a safer and more sustainable alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy of neem, clove, and taramira oils against sugarcane black bug nymphs using a leaf-dip bioassay. Numbers of dead individuals were recorded daily till seven days. The findings demonstrated that clove oil had the best and fastest insecticidal effect, resulting in 93.3% death after 24 hours at 4 ppm and attaining total mortality within 48 hours, despite continuously low LC50 values. Neem oil showed mild but long-lasting effects, but taramira oil acted more slowly and took longer to reach full efficacy. While neem and taramira oils would be better suited for long-term or preventative management strategies, clove oil ultimately showed the most potential for rapid insect control.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biopesticides
  topic: keywords
subject: Essential oils
  topic: keywords
subject: Sugarcane black bug
  topic: keywords
subject: Insecticidal activity
  topic: keywords
subject: pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Tayyab Abbas
creator: Muhammad Zeeshan khalid
creator: Huzaifa Nauman
creator: Rashid Azad
creator: Farman Ali
creator: Arjad Hussain
creator: Muhammad Naeem
creator: Nabeel Shafiq
creator: Muhammad Faizan
creator: Shah Zaib Noor
creator: Muhammad Zahid Aziz Ul Ghaffar
creator: Rabia Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tayyab Abbas, Muhammad Zeeshan khalid, Huzaifa Nauman, Rashid Azad, Farman Ali, Arjad Hussain, Muhammad Naeem, Nabeel Shafiq, Muhammad Faizan, Shah Zaib Noor, Muhammad Zahid Aziz Ul Ghaffar, Rabia Saeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 302
ending page: 309
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1673

Constituents and Antibacterial Activity of Volatile Oil of Jasminum grandiflorum (Leaf) from Pakistan
type: item
description: In this study, volatile composition and antibacterial activity of leaf of Jasminum grandiflorum were reported. The extraction was carried out by microwave that yielded 0.27% of oil. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of 16 constituents where the most dominating compounds were: benzaldehyde (18.33%), caproic acid (5.70%), p-vinylguaiacol (5.58%), p-Ment-8-en-3-one (2.92%), and eugenol (2.59%)<!-- [if supportFields]><![endif]-->(Mills, 2000 #265)<!-- [if supportFields]><![endif]-->. The antibacterial potentiality test was performed with the agar well diffusion method that revealed a considerable inhibition at 15.5 mg against Acinetobacter baumannii (12 mm), Escherichia coli (17 mm) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcous aureus (24 mm). The antimicrobial potential may be attributed to the occurrence of bioactive components such as benzaldehyde, jasmine, eugenol etc. that have established significance for pharmacological purposes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Volatile compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: antibacterial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Jasminum grandiflorum
  topic: keywords
subject: microwave extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: GC–MS
  topic: keywords
creator: Sana Siddique
creator: Pakeeza
creator: Aqsa Aamir
creator: Azeem Intisar
creator: Ahsan Sharif
creator: Ejaz Ahmed
creator: Zeeshan Mutahir
creator: Shahbaz Ahmad
creator: Muhammad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sana Siddique, Pakeeza, Aqsa Aamir, Azeem Intisar, Ahsan Sharif, Ejaz Ahmed, Zeeshan Mutahir, Shahbaz Ahmad, Muhammad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
starting page: 225
ending page: 229
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1695

Antifungal Assessment of Chemical and Biological Control Agents Against Major Seed-Borne Pathogens of Sesame
type: item
description: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop renowned for its nutritional, economic, and medicinal significance, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The aim of this research is to investigate the seed-borne fungal pathogens associated with sesame and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The pathogens associated with the seeds were isolated by placing the infected seeds on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. The most frequent pathogens associated with seeds were Aspergillus niger and Curvularia lunata. These pathogens were later purified by using the hyphal tip and single-spore purification technique. Seed-associated pathogens were managed in vitro and in vivo with the help of chemical fungicides and bacterial BCAs. Statistical analyses were conducted using analysis of variance (ANOVA), a completely randomized design (CRD), and a randomized completely blocked design (RCBD). Under in vitro conditions, Amistar Top (Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole) at 150 ppm proved efficient against C. lunata inhibited their growth up to 85% and Hombre (Imidacloprid + Tebuconazole) at 150 ppm against A. niger showed significant result up to 86% respectively. Agrobacterium fabrum showed significant antagonistic activity against both C. lunata and A. niger, Inhibited their growth up to 82% and 67% respectively. Under in vivo conditions, variety TH-6 was treated with most effective treatments identified in laboratory experiments. Amistar Top and Hombre, applied at 150 ppm under field conditions, resulted in 30% disease incidence against C. lunata and 32% against A. niger in comparison to untreated control with 80% disease incidence, respectively. A. fabrum applied against both pathogens, recorded 42% disease incidence against C. lunata and 45% against A. niger. These disease management strategies emphasize the use of standard concentrations and selective treatments for better results.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sesamum indicum L.
  topic: keywords
subject: Aspergillus niger
  topic: keywords
subject: Curvularia lunata
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed borne Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Amistar Top
  topic: keywords
subject: Hombr
  topic: keywords
subject: Agrobacterium fabrum
  topic: keywords
creator: Sobeeqa Khalid
creator: Saman Arif
creator: Muhammad Usman
creator: Maham Sarwar
creator: Malaika Tariq
creator: Muhammad Faheem Khan
creator: Amjad Abbas
creator: Muhammad Amjad Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sobeeqa Khalid, Saman Arif, Muhammad Usman, Maham Sarwar, Malaika Tariq, Muhammad Faheem Khan, Amjad Abbas, Muhammad Amjad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 20
ending page: 31
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.004.01.1694

Postharvest Hexanal Application Delays Pericarp Browning Under Cold Storage in Litchi Fruit
type: item
description: Litchi is the fruit of warm climates and has a very short shelf life as the fruit loses its red color within the span of 2-3 days. The current study was planned to evaluate the effect of hexanal fumigation on overall fruit quality and retention of aesthetic appeal of the fruit under low temperature storage conditions. Hence, litchi fruit harvested at the ripening stage was fumigated with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% hexanal concentration followed by cold storage at 5 ± 1°C for 28 days by maintaining 90% relative humidity. During cold storage, fruits were evaluated for physiological weight loss (PLW), browning severity, and anthocyanin depletion in pericarp. Physico-chemical quality characteristics were determined in litchi aril samples. Total phenolics and total antioxidants were also determined from aril samples, whereas antioxidative enzymes such as SOD, CAT, POD PPO were determined from pericarp tissues in litchi pericarp at 7 -day intervals. Postharvest hexanal application significantly controlled pericarp browning and resulted in higher anthocyanin content with reduced weight loss than control fruit. Hexanal preserved a steep rise in SSC and maintained relatively low SSC compared to control fruit throughout the cold storage period; however, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid contents, phenolic components and total antioxidants in litchi fruit aril were significantly augmented in all hexanal formulations, with significantly higher values recorded in 1% hexanal treatment. Likewise, antioxidative enzyme activities, such as SOD (74.54 mg-1 protein) and CAT (82.42 mg-1 protein), were significantly higher in hexanal-treated fruits, while POD (30.2 mg-1 protein) and PPO enzyme (34.42 U mg-1 protein) activities were significantly hindered in hexanal-treated litchi fruits which were significantly higher in control treatment. Overall, 1% hexanal formulation showed more promising results in terms of maintaining quality characteristics and color of the fruit during the extended s…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antioxidative Enzymes
  topic: keywords
subject: Pericarp Browning
  topic: keywords
subject: Physico-chemical Quality
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Shafique
creator: Madiha Butt
creator: Ashir Masroor
creator: Muhammad Yahya Khan
creator: Plosha khanum
creator: Muhammad Rashid Waqas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shafique, Madiha Butt, Ashir Masroor, Muhammad Yahya Khan, Plosha khanum, Muhammad Rashid Waqas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-20
publication date: 2025-12-20
starting page: 194
ending page: 201
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1692

Anatomical Alterations and Management Strategies of Diplocarpon rosae Infection in Rosa centifolia
type: item
description: Black spot caused by Diplocarpon rosae is a serious issue of rose. Current study was conceived to assess antifungal potency of five different phyto-extracts including Cinnamon, Turmeric, Black pepper, Ginger and Aloe vera against D. rosae under laboratory and in planta conditions. All the phyto-extracts were evaluated at three concentrations under completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications of each treatments under laboratory conditions. However, the most effective treatments (cinnamon and turmeric) under lab conditions were further examined in planta against black spot of rose. The results revealed that, cinnamon was the most effective treatment against D. rosae under lab conditions with least mycelial growth (4.61 mm) followed by Turmeric (6.50 mm), Black pepper (7.24 mm), Ginger (8.06 mm) and Aloe vera (7.60 mm). While, the combined application of cinnamon and turmeric exhibited least disease incidence (32.63%) under in-vivo conditions. Being an airborne pathogen, D. rosae affects the anatomy of the infected tissues. So, the contemporary study was designed to investigate the anatomical alterations including Midrib thickness (MIT) (µm), Vascular bundle area (VBA) (µm2), Adaxial epidermal thickness (ADET) (µm), Abaxial epidermal thickness (ABET) (µm) and Parenchymatous cell area (PCA) (µm2) of rose leaf cells infected with D. rosae. The analysis was comprised of three main targets such as among healthy & infected, treated & untreated and at different inoculation stages of rose leaf cells. The samples of rose plants were gathered from Horticulture Area of UAF. Following typical anatomical procedures, the leaf samples were examined under digital compound microscope. All the observations exposed that there was no abnormality found in healthy leaf sample, while the infected sample showed an expanded MIT, ruptured ABET, sclerified ADET, decreased VBA and larger PCAs. Furthermore, at different inoculation stages the MIT was found expanded in all three stag…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Black spot
  topic: keywords
subject: Cinnamon
  topic: keywords
subject: Midrib thickness
  topic: keywords
subject: Phyto-extracts
  topic: keywords
subject: Vascular bundle area
  topic: keywords
creator: Asra Wasif
creator: Muhammad Atiq
creator: Farooq Ahmad
creator: Muhammad Asif
creator: Mohsin Raza
creator: Nasir Ahmed Khan
creator: Ghalib Ayaz Kachelo
creator: Khalid Naveed
creator: Samar Fatima
creator: Nasir Ahmed Rajput
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asra Wasif, Muhammad Atiq, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Asif, Mohsin Raza, Nasir Ahmed Khan, Ghalib Ayaz Kachelo, Khalid Naveed, Samar Fatima, Nasir Ahmed Rajput (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 237
ending page: 247
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1650

Accelerated Fruiting of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Meadow-Gardens in Southeast Kazakhstan
type: item
description: This work is novel because it demonstrates that high-density meadow-garden technology enables commercial fruiting of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as early as the second year- a major advancement over traditional systems. The accelerated establishment and productivity of sea buckthorn in meadow-garden systems represent an important direction for enhancing the economic sustainability of fruit production in harsh continental climates. This study assessed the productivity potential of a two year old sea buckthorn meadow garden established under the sharp continental conditions of the Semirechye farm, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. Seven varieties developed by the M.A. Lisavenko Siberian Research Institute of Horticulture were evaluated at a planting density of 40,000 plants/ha. Only two varieties (Augustine and Inia) entered the stage of commercial fruiting by the second year. The variety Augustine demonstrated the highest productivity, yielding 25 t/ha, whereas Inia produced 13 t/ha. In addition to yield, Augustine was characterized by superior fruit size (1.15 g/berry), which was twice that of the control variety Elizaveta and 1.78 times greater than Inia. These results highlight the clear advantage of Augustine for early-fruiting meadow-gardens in Kazakhstan. Economic analysis showed that cultivation of Augustine enables near-complete recovery of investment and operational costs by the second year, despite reliance on labor-intensive manual harvesting. Furthermore, profitability is expected to increase substantially in the third year with the planned application of technological innovations, including complete above-ground cutting of shrubs, shock freezing, and mechanized fruit detachment. The findings highlight Augustine as the most promising cultivar for early commercial returns under Kazakhstan’s sharp continental climate.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sea bucktorn
  topic: keywords
subject: Meadow garden
  topic: keywords
subject: Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhstan
  topic: keywords
creator: Sergey Oleichenko
creator: Tanveer Ahmad
creator: Maira Yessenaliyeva
creator: Taizhan Aksemser
creator: Rana Muhammad Sabir Tariq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sergey Oleichenko, Tanveer Ahmad, Maira Yessenaliyeva, Taizhan Aksemser, Rana Muhammad Sabir Tariq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20
starting page: 169
ending page: 179
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1649

Essential Oil Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Alstonia scholaris (flower) from Pakistan
type: item
description: This study investigated the essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of the flowers of Alstonia scholaris. Microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil was performed, and the extraction process resulted in a 0.218% (w/w) yield. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed twenty-seven constituents, and confirmation was performed by calculating their retention indices. The most abundant compounds were: 2-Hexenal, (E)- (12.455%), 3-Hexen-l-ol, (Z)- (11.347%), Heneicosane (6.471%), Hexanal (5.913), Tricosane (5.879%), and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (4.557%). The agar disc diffusion assay was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the volatile oil against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and zones of inhibition were observed against these strains as 11mm, 11mm, 10mm, and 9mm, respectively. The presence of various well-known antibacterial agents shows an obvious relationship with the activity of the essential oil.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Essential oil
  topic: keywords
subject: Alstonia scholaris
  topic: keywords
subject: Apocynaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: microwave-assisted extraction
  topic: keywords
subject: antibacterial activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Saleh Zaman
creator: Farhana Ahmad
creator: Hamna
creator: Zeeshan Muthair
creator: Ahsan Sharif
creator: Ejaz Ahmed
creator: Azeem Intisar
creator: Shahbaz Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Saleh Zaman, Farhana Ahmad, Hamna, Zeeshan Muthair, Ahsan Sharif, Ejaz Ahmed, Azeem Intisar, Shahbaz Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-22
publication date: 2025-12-22
starting page: 219
ending page: 224
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1643

Performance Evaluation and Stress Screening of Colored Cotton Genotypes for Yield, Fiber Quality and Drought Tolerance
type: item
description: Naturally colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) offers an eco-friendly alternative to conventional white cotton by reducing the need for synthetic dyes. However, its cultivation remains limited due to lower yield and suboptimal fiber quality, particularly under drought stress. We evaluated the genetic and physiological performance of 20 white and naturally colored cotton genotypes under normal and water-deficit conditions using field trials (RCBD) and laboratory PEG (polyethylene glycol)-6000 screening (CRD). Agronomic, fiber quality and physiological traits were recorded, including plant height, bolls per plant, seed cotton yield, lint weight, fiber length and strength, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Significant genotypic variability was observed for most traits. Drought reduced yield and fiber strength most markedly in green-colored genotypes, whereas Light Brown and Khaki American A maintained higher photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll content and yield stability under limited irrigation. Path coefficient analysis identified lint weight, boll weight and fiber length as key contributors to seed cotton yield. These findings demonstrate that integrating genetic selection with physiological screening (field + PEG assays) can accelerate breeding of drought-resilient colored cotton, offering practical value to breeders and the textile industry in water-limited regions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: colored cotton
  topic: keywords
subject: drought stress
  topic: keywords
subject: fiber quality
  topic: keywords
subject: yield traits
  topic: keywords
subject: path coefficient analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: physiological response
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable breeding
  topic: keywords
creator: Zunira Ataa
creator: Muhammad Nadeem Riaz
creator: Akash Fatima
creator: Sajad Hussain
creator: Sehrish Ijaz
creator: Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan
creator: Hammad Husanain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zunaira Ataa, Muhammad Nadeem Riaz, Akash Fatima, Sajad Hussain, Sehrish Ijaz, Fawad Zafar Ahmad Khan, Hammad Husnain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
starting page: 145
ending page: 158
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1624

Effect of Farmyard Manure Seed Priming on Germination and Growth of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
type: item
description: Spinach production is often constrained by poor seed germination and excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers, while the potential of organic seed priming, particularly with farmyard manure, to enhance seedling establishment and growth remains largely underexplored. A study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, during the winter season of 2024-2025 to investigate the impact of farmyard manure (FYM) seed priming at different concentrations on the germination and growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The treatments included: different concentration levels of farmyard manure. T0 = Control (unprimed seeds) T1 = Hydropriming (Distilled water), T2 = 1% FYM T3 = 10% FYM, T4 = 20% FYM, T5 = 30% FYM. The results showed that seeds primed with 30% FYM resulted in the maximum values for all parameters, including seed germination (18.60%), germination index (5.96), number of leaves per plant (24.87), plant height (26.38 cm), plant fresh weight (17.75 g), shoot fresh biomass (14.24 g), root fresh biomass (3.38 g), shoot dry biomass (2.52 g), and root dry biomass (1.44 g). In contrast, the lowest seed germination percentage (11.30%) and germination index (3.05) were recorded in the 10% FYM treatment (T3). Hydropriming (T1) resulted in the lowest values for several growth parameters, including the number of leaves per plant (13.77), plant height (17.95 cm), shoot fresh biomass (4.40 g), and root dry biomass (0.10 g). Meanwhile, the control treatment (T0) produced the lowest plant fresh weight (5.52 g) and fresh root biomass (1.13 g). In conclusion, seed priming with 30% farmyard manure significantly enhanced the germination and growth performance of spinach and is recommended over hydropriming as well as lower FYM concentrations.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spinach
  topic: keywords
subject: Farmyard manure
  topic: keywords
subject: Chemical fertilizer
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed priming
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed germination
  topic: keywords
creator: Shan Muhammad
creator: Saba Ambreen Memon
creator: Muzafaruddin Chachar
creator: Memoona Islam Majeedano
creator: Maira Raqeeb Tunio
creator: Sana Shazia Jiskani
creator: Raheem Ullah
creator: Imran Ullah
creator: Muhammad Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shan Muhammad, Saba Ambreen Memon, Muzafaruddin Chachar, Memoona Islam Majeedano, Maira Raqeeb Tunio, Sana Shazia Jiskani, Raheem Ullah, Imran Ullah, Muhammad Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-09
publication date: 2025-10-09
starting page: 94
ending page: 103
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1561

Reliable Edge Federation Formation for Smart Agriculture using Machine Learning
type: item
description: In the domain of smart agriculture, the integration of edge computing has revolutionized data processing by bringing computational services in close proximity to sensors and movable equipment. The transition to edge computing reshapes the security landscape, where robust safeguards are essential not only for protecting data but also for ensuring reliable service delivery. In agriculture, reliability is critical, as insecure or untrustworthy ESPs can cause interruptions and downtime that undermine both federation performance and provider reputation. The overall challenge is to form a resilient edge federation that enables the seamless sharing of services from trustworthy providers to clients, such as farm equipment and monitoring systems. To address this, a new algorithm Edge Nearest Neighbor (ENN) as an extension of the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) machine learning approach has been presented. The proposed algorithm selects highly reliable ESPs based on user requirements to form a federation, ensuring smart services are delivered without network interruption. This enables precision agriculture systems to reliably monitor and maintain large arable lands effectively. Experiments demonstrate that ENN quickly forms a federation of reliable ESPs with high accuracy, providing a secure and dependable foundation for smart agriculture.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Reliability
  topic: keywords
creator: Usama Ahmed
creator: Afzaal Hussain
creator: Muhammad Nasir Siddiqui
creator: Abid Ali
creator: Muhammad Adeel Zahid
creator: Shehbaz Nazeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Usama Ahmed, Afzaal Hussain, Muhammad Nasir Siddiqui, Abid Ali, Muhammad Adeel Zahid, Shehbaz Nazeer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 34
ending page: 49
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1529

ANALYSIS OF GENETIC VARIATION IN WORLD COLLECTION OF DURUM WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM) USING MORPHOLOGICAL, DNA AND SEED STORAGE PROTEIN MARKERS
type: item
description: Durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) is an allotetraploid crop species with relatively low gluten content, commonly used in the preparation of pasta, couscous, noodles, macaroni, and flatbreads. The present study was designed to assess the extent of genetic diversity in a global collection of durum wheat accessions grown under the climatic conditions of Pakistan, using morphological traits, protein profiles, and DNA-based markers. A total of 175 accessions were cultivated for two successive years in separate fields of the Azad Kashmir region. Although molecular analysis was conducted only on a representative subset of 30 accessions, it provided useful but preliminary insights into genetic diversity. Future studies with larger datasets are needed to strengthen these results. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant F-values for both genotypes and genotype × year interactions across 18 morphological traits. Seed storage proteins of the genotypes were profiled through SDS-PAGE, which yielded 719 scorable bands from 161 accessions, average of 4.5 distinct protein bands per genotype, each considered as an allelic variant. Considerable variation in genetic distance (GD = 0–100%) was observed; 27 comparisons showed complete homozygosity (GD = 0%), while 252 comparisons exhibited full dissimilarity (GD = 100%) at protein loci. For molecular analysis, 30 randomly selected genotypes were evaluated with 40 RAPD and 50 SSR primer sets. RAPD markers produced 92.05% polymorphism, with genetic distances ranging from 0.00 to 32%. Cluster analysis grouped the 30 genotypes into two main clusters. Similarly, SSR primers were mostly polymorphic, generating 174 fragments in total, with an average of 3.44 bands per primer and 2–7 bands per locus. Genetic distance based on SSR data ranged between 2% and 38%, and cluster analysis again separated the genotypes into two major groups.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Durum wheat (Triticum durum)
  topic: keywords
subject: Genetic diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Morphological traits
  topic: keywords
subject: Seed storage proteins (SDS-PAGE)
  topic: keywords
subject: RAPD and SSR markers
  topic: keywords
subject: Breeding and conservation
  topic: keywords
creator: Shabnam Niaz
creator: Nisar Ahmed
creator: Muhammad Akhlaq
creator: Muhammad Waleed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shabnam Niaz, Nisar Ahmed, Muhammad Akhlaq, Muhammad Waleed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 132
ending page: 144
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1515

OPTIMIZING PHOSPHOROUS RATES FOR DIFFERENT SOWING METHODS OF MAIZE TO ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY
type: item
description: Phosphorous use efficiency under alkaline calcareous soil conditions of Pakistan is less than 25%. Higher phosphorus fixation aggravates yield gaps and cost of production in maize. An experiment was laid out with the objectives to enhance maize yield and profitability through various soil manipulation methods. Experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement. The experimental treatments comprised of sowing methods in main plots viz; S1 = flat sowing; S2 = ridge sowing and S3 = bed sowing while phosphorous rates in split plots viz. P1 = 100; P2 = 125 and P3 = 150 kg ha-1. The results revealed the substantially higher cob length, diameter and 1000-grain weight observed in ridge sowing and 125 kg ha-1 phosphorous. Under flat sowing conditions, 150 kg ha-1 P depicted more plant height, grain rows per cob, grains per cob, biological, grain yield and harvest index. Ridge and bed sowing depicted higher values of all attributes with 125 kg ha-1 phosphorous. Significantly more yield was produced with 125 kg ha-1 phosphorous under both ridge (6160 kg ha-1) and bed planting (5600 kg ha-1) systems. Significantly lower values of all parameters were recorded in flat sowing with 100 kg ha-1 phosphorous. In addition, highest marginal rate of return was recorded for ridge sowing with 125 kg ha-1 phosphorous. In conclusion, ridge planting system produced more grain yield and economic benefits using less phosphorous than flat and bed sowing using 125 kg ha-1 phosphorous.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Benefit cost ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost of production
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil manipulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Marginal returns
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorous fixation
  topic: keywords
creator: Arshad Hussain
creator: Sana Munawar
creator: Fida Hussain
creator: Sanober Gul Khan
creator: Ali Sher
creator: Akash Zafar
creator: Naeem Arshad Maan
creator: Basharat Ali
creator: Syed Asad Manzoor
creator: Zahid Aslam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arshad Hussain, Sana Munawar, Fida Hussain, Sanober Gul Khan, Ali Sher, Akash Zafar, Naeem Arshad Maan, Basharat Ali, Syed Asad Manzoor, Zahid Aslam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 95
ending page: 104
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1477

Dual-Activity ACC-deaminase Phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas Seed Inoculation Improves Mustard Performance under Phosphorus Deficiency Stress
type: item
description: Phosphorus is a critical macronutrient often limiting crop productivity, particularly in soils with low phosphorus availability. This field study investigated the phosphorus (P) deficiency tolerance of mustard under seed inoculation with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-deaminase and phosphate-solubilizing strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The experiment followed a two-factor randomized complete block split plot design with three replications: Factor A included two P doses (0 and 50 kg ha⁻¹), and Factor B comprised three seed treatments (uninoculated control, inoculation with ACC-deaminase-only P. fluorescens, and inoculation with dual-activity P. fluorescens possessing ACC-deaminase and P-solubilizing traits). The soil was alkaline clay, low in organic matter and Olsen-P. Phosphorus application significantly improved all mustard traits, while rhizobacterial strains significantly influenced all parameters except plant height and P concentration. Their interaction was significant only for number of pods, number of leaves, seed yield, and P concentration. Compared to control, P application enhanced plant height, stem diameter, branches, pods, leaves, leaf area, leaf weight, chlorophyll content, seed yield, and P concentration by 30–67%. Inoculation with P. fluorescens possessing only ACC-deaminase improved most traits by 17–40% and seed yield by 1.7%, though it slightly reduced P concentration. Dual-activity P. fluorescens improved growth traits by 33–63%, seed yield by 10%, and P concentration by 5%. Compared to single-activity inoculation, the dual-activity strain resulted in 1.2–6.0-fold increases in key traits, with lower P concentration increase (1.7-fold). Maximum interaction effects were observed in number of pods (3.5-fold), number of leaves (2.0-fold), seed yield (1.7-fold), and P concentration (1.7-fold). Overall, P. fluorescens strains with dual ACC-deaminase and P-solubilizing activity consistently outperformed single-activity strains and show…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mustard growth,
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus deficiency,
  topic: keywords
subject: Pseudomonas fluorescens,
  topic: keywords
subject: ACC-deaminase,
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria
  topic: keywords
creator: Zia-ul-hassan hassan
creator: Javaria Afzal Arain
creator: Naheed Akhter Talpur
creator: Hajra Khan
creator: Fozia Naz Memon
creator: Inzamam-ul-Haque Khanzada
creator: Inzamam Ali Jamali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zia-ul-hassan hassan, Javaria Afzal Arain, Naheed Akhter Talpur, Hajra Khan, Fozia Naz Memon, Inzamam-ul-Haque Khanzada, Inzamam Ali Jamali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 121
ending page: 131
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1413

Growth and Physiological Responses of Miscanthus × Giganteus to Combined Salinity and Drought Stress
type: item
description: Miscanthus × giganteus is a high-yielding, perennial C4 grass recognized for its potential as a lignocellulosic biomass crop with a net-positive carbon footprint, ideal for sustainable bioenergy production. Its adaptability to grow on marginal lands, such as those in arid and semi-arid regions of Pakistan, highlights its potential to reduce pressure on fertile agricultural areas. However, salinity and water scarcity are major limiting factors in these environments. A three-month pot trial was conducted at MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, using a completely randomized factorial design with four replicates with the objective, to assess the effects of salinity and drought stress on Miscanthus growth, physiology and nutrient uptake. Treatments included two salinity levels i.e., 4 dS m⁻¹ (S1, moderate salinity) and 6 dS m⁻¹ (S2, high salinity), two irrigation regimes i.e., 100% field capacity (FC1) and 50% field capacity (FC2), and a non-saline control. Results showed that control plants under full irrigation (FC1) had significantly higher growth, biomass, photosynthetic traits, and nutrient uptake compared to stress treatments, with up to 65% higher biomass and substantially reduced electrolyte leakage. In contrast, plants under S2 with FC2 exhibited a 65% reduction in biomass. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels increased under moderate salinity (S1) with full irrigation (FC1), while potassium declined under all stress treatments. Overall, FC1 mitigated stress impacts significantly better than FC2. These findings suggest that Miscanthus can tolerate moderate salinity if sufficient water is available, making it a viable crop for saline-prone arid regions. Future studies should focus on long-term field evaluations and the development of effective management practices to enhance the resilience of Miscanthus × giganteus to salinity and drought stresses.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomass accumulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Combined abiotic stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Miscanthus × giganteus
  topic: keywords
subject: Nutrient uptake
  topic: keywords
subject: Photosynthetic traits
  topic: keywords
subject: Salinity and drought
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghulam Murtaza
creator: Muhammad Baqir Hussain
creator: Suleman Haider Shah
creator: Muhammad Usman Jamshaid
creator: Gulzar Akhtar
creator: Muhammad Yasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Baqir Hussain, Suleman Haider Shah, Muhammad Usman Jamshaid, Gulzar Akhtar, Muhammad Yasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-02
publication date: 2025-05-02
starting page: 479
ending page: 487
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.01.1409

Biochar and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Enhance Maize Growth and Soil Fertility
type: item
description: Efficient phosphorus (P) management is essential for sustainable maize (Zea mays L.) production, particularly in phosphorus-deficient calcareous soils where P fixation limits plant growth. In current study, the effects of integrated application of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and biochar (BC) with two P fertilizers; Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and Nitrophos (NP) in eight treatments with three replications were evaluated on maize growth in a lathhouse pot experiment under a completely randomized design (CRD) arrangement. The integrated application of BC and PSB with DAP significantly enhanced maize growth and soil fertility compared to NP and control treatments. BC+PSB+DAP increased shoot fresh weight by 81%, root dry weight by 130%, and plant height by 55%. Physiological traits improved significantly, with photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency increasing by 48%, 60%, and 33%, respectively. Soil organic matter increased by 36%, nitrogen by 40%, and phosphorus availability by 48%. These results demonstrate the potential of BC and PSB integration, particularly with DAP, to enhance phosphorus use efficiency, reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and improve maize productivity in calcareous soils.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biochar
  topic: keywords
subject: diammonium phosphate
  topic: keywords
subject: Maize productivity
  topic: keywords
subject: phosphate-solubilizing bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: phosphorus use efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: soil fertility
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Yasir
creator: Muhammad Baqir Hussain
creator: Suleman Haider Shah
creator: Ghulam Murtaza
creator: Wazir Ahmed
creator: Shahid Iqbal
creator: Sajid Hussain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Yasir, Muhammad Baqir Hussain, Suleman Haider Shah, Ghulam Murtaza, Wazir Ahmed, Shahid Iqbal, Sajid Hussain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-03
publication date: 2025-10-03
starting page: 71
ending page: 81
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1408

Antimicrobial Potential, Mechanisms, and Biosynthesis Pathways of Lichen-Derived Bioactive Compounds; A Systematic Review
type: item
description: Lichens, symbiotic organisms comprising fungi and photosynthetic partners, have gained particular attention due to their rich nutritional profile, which includes significant bioactive compounds with strong antimicrobial potential. This review collectively highlights the antimicrobial activity, its mechanism of action, and synthesis of lichen-derived compounds, advocating for their effective use as novel agents against microbial infections. Lichen metabolites, especially usnic acid and atranorin, exhibited significant activity against various multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and also antifungal activity, especially against Candida albicans and Aspergillus species. Their mechanism of action against infectious microbes involves cell wall and cell membrane formation inhibition, RNA/DNA synthesis disruption, and efflux pump inhibition. Recent advanced genomic and metabolomics studies have explored the biosynthesis pathways of these bioactive compounds with the involvement of several key enzymes, especially polyketide synthases (PKSs), and genes such as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Despite significant studies, there remain gaps in evaluating the pharmacogenomics, toxicity, and in vivo efficiency of these bioactive compounds. However, there is also a need for further study on sustainable enhanced extraction techniques and nano-encapsulation for improved and enhanced availability. This review synthesizes evidence that lichen compounds target microbial cell structures, nucleic acid synthesis, and efflux pumps, with emerging potential for drug development, also urges for advanced approaches such as nano-encapsulation and AI-driven drug discovery to utilize their complete potential.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bioactive compounds
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial potential
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Biosynthesis pathways
  topic: keywords
subject: Pharmacogenomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Drug development
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Hammad
creator: Aasma Riaz
creator: Afifa Kainat Rani
creator: Muhammad Kabir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hammad, Aasma Riaz, Afifa Kainat Rani, Muhammad Kabir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-21
publication date: 2025-12-21
starting page: 202
ending page: 218
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1406

Comparative Study of Ethanolic and n-Hexane Extracts of Cassia angustifolia as Anticancer Agents against Human Cancer Line MDA-MB-231
type: item
description: Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled and undifferentiated proliferation of cells, with the potential to invade and metastasize to various parts of the body. The use of conventional herbal extracts represents a promising approach in the search for novel anticancer agents due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals in medicinal plants. In this study, the anticancer activity of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Cassia angustifolia was evaluated against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Five different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 µl/ml) of each extract were tested to determine the optimal cytotoxic dose. At 250 µl/ml of the ethanolic extract, most cells appeared rounded and detached from the surface, while the remaining cells were elongated and loosely adhered. At the highest dose of 500 µl/ml, extensive cell death was observed, with cellular debris indicating significant cytotoxicity. In contrast, the n-hexane extract at 50 µl/ml showed negligible changes in cell morphology compared to the control. However, increasing concentrations led to reduced cell viability. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined to be 83 for the ethanolic extract and 283 for the n-hexane extract. These findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Cassia angustifolia exhibits greater anticancer efficacy against the MDA-MB-231 cell line compared to the n-hexane extract, likely due to the differential solubility and availability of bioactive compounds in the two solvents.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anticancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Cassia angustifolia
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytochemicals
  topic: keywords
creator: Kashf Mehmood
creator: Saman Safdar Rehan
creator: Saira Aftab
creator: Uqba Mehmood
creator: Shahbaz Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kashf Mehmood, Saman Safdar Rehan, Saira Aftab, Uqba Mehmood, Shahbaz Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-04
publication date: 2025-09-04
starting page: 20
ending page: 33
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1378

Evaluation of Fungicides and Biocontrol agents against Fusarium wilt of Tomato
type: item
description: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belonging to Solanaceae family is a chief component of daily food. It is cultivated by market gardeners as well as for kitchen gardening. It is largely produced in Punjab Sindh and KPK province in Pakistan. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is the significant soil-borne pathogen causing fusarium wilt in tomato. In Pakistan, yield is reduced by 21.9% due to tomato wilting. The fusarium wilt of tomato was managed by using different fungicides and bio-control agents. Tomato seeds were sown in trays followed by transplanting. Fungicides; Score (Difenoconazole) at dose of 0.3 ml/L, 2 g/L Topsin-M (Thiophanate methyl) and biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus sp. at concentrations of 1×103 and 1×103 spore/ml) were applied after inoculating the transplanted plants with disease inoculum. Treatments were applied after a week of tomato seedling transplant. Using disease rating scales, disease severity symptoms and disease incidence were recorded at weekly intervals. Collected data was analyzed. First symptoms of the disease were appeared after 8 days of disease inoculation. The result indicated that after application of treatments, in controlled pots T0 showed maximum disease of 32.64% which was recorded after spraying with distilled water. Minimum disease was recorded in that plants whích was sprayed by Trichoderma spp. (9.52%) and Bacillus spp. (12.41%) were found most effective against fusarium wilt of tomato. The fungicide sprays; Difenoconazole (25.43%) were least effective then biocontrol sprays. Thiophanate methyl (18.91%) was given fair result among other chemical. In present study, results of Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus spp. applications revealed that all the other three treatments were significantly superior over control in managing the Fusarium disease spread. Among all sprays, T3 and T4 were significantly superior over other treatments. With the exception of all treatments, that were found superior in action over T…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fusarium wilt
  topic: keywords
subject: Tomato
  topic: keywords
subject: Biological control
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungicides
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable agriculture
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Majid
creator: Nadeem Ahmed
creator: Hasaan Tariq
creator: Mirza Abdul Qayyum
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Abdul Majid, Nadeem Ahmed, Hasaan Tariq, Mirza Abdul Qayyum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20
starting page: 71
ending page: 81
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.002.02.1338

First Report on Nitrogen’s Role in Vivipary Suppression in Late-Maturing Mango cv. Sufaid Chaunsa
type: item
description: Punjab is the major mango producing region in Pakistan whereas Pakistan is fifth in the globe in mango production. Among the late season varieties with an 18 % share in Punjab’s mango area, the premium Sufaid Chaunsa variety has an exponential share of export but suffers postharvest losses due to a disorder known as vivipary, which causes seeds to germinate too early. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of different doses of nitrogen supplied at flowering and fruit setting stages on vivipary incidence in Sufaid Chaunsa. Experiment was conducted under randomized complete block design with four nitrogen treatments (0 g, 200 g, 300 g, and 500 g per tree), and three replications. Data were collected when fruit get ripened after fruit harvest. Results showed that with an increase in the nitrogen doses manifested an increase in the vivipary expression. In the case of 500 g nitrogen treatment (T₃), the percentage of viviparous seeds (100%) and pulp vivipary (45.45%) was the highest while the lowest among all were in control (T₀ - 65.15% and 1.51%, respectively). Antioxidant capacities and phenolic contents increased with higher nitrogen application, and root length of germinating seed (vivipary) increased as well, which indexing a more general correlation between nitrogen induced metabolic changes and vivipary expression. Vivipary in mango, as of now, is reported for the first time, focusing on the mechanism of the phenomenon and its practice in late maturing varieties. These findings indicate that nitrogen management strategies to reduce vivipary while maintaining fruit quality are needed in mangoes. Research on the effects of growth regulators and irrigation practices on vivipary suppression is also recommended.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vivipary
  topic: keywords
subject: Nitrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: hormones
  topic: keywords
subject: phenolics
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidants
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Shahzad Zafar
creator: Abdul Ghaffar Grewal
creator: Samad Raza
creator: Syed Inam Ullah Shah
creator: Maqbool Ahmad
creator: Hassan Riaz
creator: Muhammad Azhar Bashir
creator: Allah Nawaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahzad Zafar, Abdul Ghaffar Grewal, Samad Raza, Syed Inam Ullah Shah, Maqbool Ahmad, Hassan Riaz, Muhammad Azhar Bashir, Allah Nawaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-05
publication date: 2025-05-05
starting page: 460
ending page: 465
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.001.01.1316

Impact of Stubble Incorporation on Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Wheat in Semi-Arid Conditions
type: item
description: Soil organic carbon (SOC) typically decline under intensive cropping system. Decrease in SOC might be linked with conventional tillage and poor stubble management. In arable soils, substantial losses of SOC occur due to cultivation, insufficient incorporation of nitrogen rich stubbles, extended fallow periods, and excessive nitrogen fertilizer use. This experiment was conducted at MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan's research farm (C-block), to evaluate the effects of stubble incorporation on soil health and wheat productivity. Stubbles were incorporated in soil approximately two - three week before sowing. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design using split plot arrangements, comprising six treatments and three replications. Three levels of irrigation were applied 100 %, 75 %, and 50 %, respectively. Soil moisture contents was measured weekly using the gravimetric method. Plant height were also recorded weekly. At harvest, data on yield and yield contributing parameters were collected. Soil samples were taken at the beginning and end of the experiment for nutrient analysis. Our results revealed that average maximum yield of wheat crop under stubble incorporation was 6.69 Mg ha-1, compared to 5.4 Mg ha-1 in control (no stubble incorporation) treatments. Soil organic carbon under stubble incorporation reached 9.06 g kg-1 of soil sample as compared to control treatment organic carbon was obtained 5.86 g kg-1 of soil whereas the control recorded 5.86 g kg-1. .
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Soil health
  topic: keywords
subject: Stubble management
  topic: keywords
subject: Water use efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon sequestration
  topic: keywords
subject: Wheat
  topic: keywords
creator: Murtaza
creator: Shakeel Ahmad
creator: Wazir ahmed
creator: Muhammad Usman Jamshaid
creator: Muhammad Waqas
creator: Hafiz Furrakh Muhammad
creator: atiq ur Rahman Muhammad
creator: Abdul Ghaffar
creator: Rafique Hafiz Muhammad
creator: Muhammad Imran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Murtaza, Shakeel Ahmad, Wazir ahmed, Muhammad Usman Jamshaid, Muhammad Waqas, Hafiz Muhammad furrakh, Muhammad Atiq ur Rahman , Abdul Ghaffar, Hafiz Muhammad Rafique, Muhammad Imran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-02
publication date: 2025-01-02
starting page: 520
ending page: 529
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.01.1307

Green and Wood Waste Biochar Based Soil Amendment to Mitigate Early Blight Stress in Tomato
type: item
description: The use of available resources for the benefit of both environment and human beings comes under sustainable agriculture. Application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is against the sustainable management of agricultural resources. Biochar acts as alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers by promoting the disease suppression and enhancing plant growth. Current study examines the effect of different biochar concentrations on growth enhancement of tomato plants and availability of essential nutrients like potassium and phosphorus both in the absence and presence of Alternaria solani infection. Soil was amended with green and wood waste biochar (GWB). Both biochar concentrations (3 and 6%) effectively minimized disease progress while enhancing plant growth. However, 6% GWB performed better. Both root and shoot length increased in soil amended with 6% GWB. Both disease incidence and severity reduced drastically in soil amended with 6% biochar. Nitrogen contents increased by 13.07% under stress conditions. The disease incidence was 100% in un-amended soil while it was reduced to just 20% in soil amended with 6% GWB. There was significant drop (6%) in disease severity in 6% GWB amended soil. In short, soil amendment with biochar proved effect strategy for mitigation of early blight in to tomato by stimulating plant growth parameters and minimizing disease incidence. Biochar application is crucial for sustainable agriculture.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eco-protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil amendment with organic matter
  topic: keywords
subject: Alternaria solani
  topic: keywords
subject: Biochar
  topic: keywords
subject: Tomato
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Hafeez ul Haq
creator: Adnan Akhter
creator: Waheed Anwar
creator: Sana Javed
creator: Sumreen Anjum
creator: Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddique
creator: Nasir Ali
creator: Muhammad Taqqi Abbas
creator: Muhammad Saleem Haider
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Hafeez ul Haq, Adnan Akhter, Waheed Anwar, Sana Javed, Sumreen Anjum, Muhammad Abu Bakar Siddique, Nasir Ali, Muhammad Taqqi Abbas, Muhammad Saleem Haider (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 512
ending page: 519
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.01.1301

The Role of Farmer Awareness and Participatory Strategies in Combating Pink Bollworm through Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
type: item
description: This paper explores the effects of awareness of farmers related to the economics of adopting a sustainable pest control method known as Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and participatory strategies domiciled in Pink Bollworm infestation (PBW) in Punjab province of Pakistan, specifically areas of cotton farming in District Vehari. The study examines the impact of various integrated pest management (IPM) measures on pink bollworm population while reducing dependence on chemical control. The study adopts a mixed-method approach comprising quantitative surveys and qualitative methods, including Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) sessions, to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the farmers. The new study recognizes general barriers to the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices like IPM, including lack of knowledge, lack of resources, and cost. Features farmer education, localized training, government policy support, and community-based participatory approaches as key to alternative agriculture, exemplified through the case of IPM in Peruvian highlands. The study helps address the knowledge gap about the negative ecological impacts of pesticides and underscores the importance of collaborative research, innovative technical solutions and campaigns to educate the public about sustainable pest control practices. Potential benefits include improved pest control efficiency, higher crop yields, and reduced environmental harm, especially when farmers play an active role in decision-making. Our findings will help contribute to the knowledge of what affects the uptake of IPM practices and offers insights on how to better reach farmers in order to combat Pink Bollworm through more sustainable, integrated systems, which can be useful for policymakers, agricultural extension services, and farmers themselves.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pink Bollworm
  topic: keywords
subject: Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cotton Farming, Farmer Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Participatory Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: Punjab
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Pest Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Farmer Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Participatory Rural Appraisal
  topic: keywords
subject: Extension Services
  topic: keywords
creator: Usama Arshad
creator: Asad Sultan
creator: Muhammad Usman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Usama Arshad, Asad Sultan, Muhammad Usman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-11
publication date: 2025-10-11
starting page: 104
ending page: 120
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.02.1296

Utilization of Garlic Extract for Confectionery Products
type: item
description: Garlic contains significant amounts of amino acids and sulfur compounds that can improve immune system against viruses responsible for colds. The current research is intended to evaluate the effects of garlic extract having antioxidant properties on the formation of confectionery products (lozenges and gummies). The products’ quality depended highly on concentration of garlic extract, sugar and flavoring agent. The percent composition of the sugar, flavoring agent and garlic extract for product lozenges were 100:0:0 for T0, 75:20:5 for T1, 75:15:10: for T2 and 75:10:15: for T3. And the percentage composition of sugar, gelatin, flavoring agent and garlic extract for product gummies were 100:0:0:0 for T0, 55:20:20:5 for T1, 55:20:15:10 for T2 and 55:20:10:15 for T3. Proximate analysis, antioxidant activity, color, pH and minerals of the sample were calculated. The results of the proximate analysis of the best lozenge sample were 32.03% moisture, 2.01% crude fat, 5.31% protein, 2.4% fiber, 2.6% ash, 30.98% DPPH, 35.56% NFE and pH were 7.0. And the results of the best gummies sample were 36.6% moisture, 1.33% crude fat, 10.09% protein, 1.5% fiber, 2.4% ash, 31.81% DPPH, 36.35.64% NFE and pH were 7.0. The mineral composition of the best one lozenge sample was 6.8 mg/l iron, 20.98 mg/l calcium and 1.23 mg/l zinc and the mineral composition of the best one gummy sample were 3.13 mg/l iron, 21.78 mg/l calcium and 3.08 mg/l zinc. With reference to sensory evaluation T2 was most preferred for lozenges and T3 for gummies. These results indicate that using garlic extract in formation of confectionery products may help to improve oral health.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Garlic Extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: Confectionary
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral Health
  topic: keywords
creator: Alvina Riaz
creator: Syed Meesam Hassan
creator: Naheed Bano
creator: Ali Hamza
creator: Nighat Raza
creator: Shahid Iqbal
creator: Nida Firdous
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Alvina Riaz, Syed Meesam Hassan, Naheed Bano, Ali Hamza, Nighat Raza, Shahid Iqbal, Nida Firdous (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-21
publication date: 2025-06-21
starting page: 466
ending page: 478
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.01.1286

Screening Wheat Genotypes for Growth and Yield-Related Traits Under Normal and Salt Stress Conditions
type: item
description: Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor limiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and productivity worldwide. A pot experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The wheat genotypes were evaluated under normal and saline (8 dSm-1) conditions for key agronomic traits. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant variations among genotypes, treatments, and their interactions, indicating that salinity stress significantly influenced all measured traits. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf area, and grain yield per plant as the most influential traits under stress conditions. Among the tested genotypes, Markaz-19, Ghazi-19, and Subhani-21 demonstrated superior performance under salinity stress, suggesting their potential as salt-tolerant candidates for future breeding programs.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Salinity stress
  topic: keywords
subject: wheat
  topic: keywords
subject: CRD
  topic: keywords
subject: PCA
  topic: keywords
subject: tolerance
  topic: keywords
creator: Rizwana Kausar
creator: Syed Karamat Abbas
creator: Asma Munsha
creator: Aftab Ahmad Khan
creator: Syed Asghar Hussain Shah
creator: Sobia Noor
creator: Asim Pervez
creator: Rabnawaz
creator: Shamsa Ghafoor
creator: Tanzila Aslam
creator: Muhammad Ibrar Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rizwana Kausar, Syed Karamat Abbas, Asma Munsha, Aftab Ahmad Khan, Syed Asghar Hussain Shah, Sobia Noor, Asim Pervez, Rabnawaz, Shamsa Ghafoor, Tanzila Aslam, Muhammad Ibrar Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-04-12
publication date: 2025-04-12
starting page: 416
ending page: 426
doi: 10.55627/agribiol.003.01.1271