Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science
The Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science aims to publish high-quality, original research articles, reviews, and case studies that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of agriculture and veterinary science, while promoting interdisciplinary research and knowledge exchange among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. The scope of the journal includes a broad range of topics related to agriculture and veterinary science, such as agronomy, crop science, animal nutrition, veterinary medicine, and One Health, as well as interdisciplinary research that integrates these fields with environmental science, ecology, and public health. The journal seeks to provide a platform for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to publish and access high-quality research, and to foster collaboration among the various disciplines involved in these fields.
Comparative In-vitro Efficacy of Selected Fungicides and Plant Extracts for the sustainable management of Sugarcane Red Rot Caused by Colletotrichum falcatum
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the economically valuable crops grown worldwide, but its production is severely affected by red rot caused by Colletotrichum falcatum. Therefore, the present study evaluates integrative approaches for the management of Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, five fungicides, and five botanical extracts were tested against C. falcatum under in-vitro conditions using the poisoned food technique in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. According to results, chemical treatments, Propineb + Iprovalicarb, Pyraclostrobin + Metiram, and Thiophanate methyl at 300 ppm almost completely inhibited mycelial growth, while garlic extract at 15% was the most potent botanical, completely suppressing fungal growth. These findings demonstrate that effective fungicides, and potent plant extracts can significantly reduce C. falcatum growth, suggesting their potential use in integrated and sustainable management of red rot in sugarcane.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mushtaq Ahmed Khoso, Ghulam Hussain Jatoi, Sadia Khalil, Manzoor Ali Abro, Jamal-U-ddin Hajano, Irfan Ahmed Gilal, Naematullah Shah, Abdul Rauf Koondhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Efficacy of Indigenous Plant Powders against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus analis (Fabricius) in Stored Mung Bean under Laboratory Conditions
Pulse beetle Callosobruchus analis (Fabricius) is a serious pest responsible for substantial quantitative and qualitative losses in stored mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). The present study evaluated the efficacy of six indigenous plant powders such as neem (Azadirachta indica), turmeric (Curcuma longa), garlic (Allium sativum), ajwaen (Trachyspermum ammi), tumha (Citrullus colocynthis), and bitter cress (Caralluma tuberculata) against C. analis under laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replications. Plant powders were tested at six concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% w/w). Adult mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days, and corrected mortality was calculated using Abbott’s formula. Results indicated that mortality increased with increasing concentration and exposure time. Garlic and turmeric powders were the most effective treatments, producing the highest adult mortality of 76.6% and 74.6%, respectively, after seven days at 3% concentration. These treatments also significantly reduced oviposition, adult emergence, grain infestation, and weight loss compared with the untreated control. Neem and tumha showed moderate efficacy, whereas ajwaen and bitter cress were comparatively less effective. The findings suggest that garlic and turmeric powders have strong insecticidal potential and could serve as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the management of C. analis in stored mung bean.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Naeem, Muhammad Mamoon-ur-Rashid, Asma Batool, Salma Shaheen, Muhammad Umair Sardar, Amanullah, Muhammad Ahmad Alizai, Muhammad Shavaiz Baloch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Zoonotic Parasites in Drinking Water and Sanitation Practices in Rural Areas of Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
ABSTRACT Access to safe drinking water remains a critical public health challenge in rural regions, where water scarcity, inadequate sanitation, and dependence on multiple water sources increase the risk of waterborne and zoonotic parasitic infections. Tehsil Daraban Kalan, District Dera Ismail Khan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan), represents a vulnerable rural setting where drinking water quality and sanitation conditions may contribute significantly to disease transmission. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of zoonotic parasites in different drinking water sources and to evaluate household water accessibility and sanitation practices in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six rural union councils comprising 24 villages and 600 households, and a total of 450 water samples were collected from ponds, tube wells, and drainage sources. Samples were processed using filtration and centrifugation techniques. Parasitic organisms were identified through modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining for acid-fast parasites (Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii) and Lugol’s iodine wet mount for non–acid-fast parasites (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, and Fasciola hepatica). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and differences in prevalence were analyzed using the Chi-square test at a significance level of p < 0.05. Tube wells were identified as the predominant source of drinking water, while flush toilets were the most commonly reported sanitation facility. Drainage water exhibited the highest prevalence of parasitic contamination, particularly Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia (p < 0.01), followed by pond water. In contrast, tube well water showed comparatively lower levels of contamination, although some samples tested positive for Giardia and Entamoeba histolytica. Household water accessibility varied significantly, with most families spending approximately 15 minutes to collect drinking water. Surface and drainage water sources pose substantial zoonotic and public health risks in the study area. Immediate interventions including improved water treatment systems, enhanced sanitation infrastructure, and community-based hygiene education are essential to reduce waterborne parasitic infections and improve public health outcomes in rural communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Muhammad, Tooba Muhammad, Ghulam Murtaza, Inam Ullah Khan, M. Inam Ullah Malik, Ayesha Haleem Shah, Jawad Ullah Shah, Ali Zaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of Exotic Ispaghol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) Genotypes with the Local Variety ‘Gulabi’
Sindh is the main hub of Ispaghol cultivation due to its favorable climate for its expansion. However, limited information is available on the morphology and genetic variability of Ispaghol, particularly with respect to its exotic genotypes. Focusing these outlines, two-year study was conducted during 2023-24 and 2024-25 at Tobacco and Medicinal Crop Research Institute, Tandojam (Sindh) Pakistan. Under this study, it was tried to screen out the adoption of high-yielding exotic varieties for improving Ispaghol yield in Sindh. Results of present study indicated that there was a great variability for morphological, physiological, yield parameters in exotic Ispaghol genotypes as compared to well adopted local variety Gulabi under Tandojam conditions for both studied years (2023-24 and 2024-25). Seed index, was ranged between 1.8 to 2.2g with average mean 2.0 g among exotic genotypes. The lowest 1000 (thousands) seeds weight was recorded in Gulabi (1.3 to 1.6 g). According to the findings four genotypes promising better seed yield kg ha-1 (from 874 to 1148kg ha-1) with the husk yield (225.7 to 330.9 kg ha-1) while as compared to local Gulabi with lower seed yield (679 kg ha-1) with husk yield (160 kg ha-1). The main conclusion arising from this study is that on the basis of seed yield per plant IELF-1, IELF-2, IELF-3 and IELF-4, can be chosen for commercial cultivation in Tandojam conditions over to local Gulabi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Waheed Ali Khaskheli, Bakht Nisa Mangan, Aijaz Ahmed Soomro, Inayatullah Rajpar, Muhammad Siddique Lashari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of E.coli and Salmonella isolated from Poultry litter in District Umerkot, Sindh
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry litter in District Umerkot, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 100 poultry litter samples were collected from four talukas, namely Umerkot, Pithoro, Samaro, and Kunri, with 25 samples obtained from each taluka. Standard bacteriological methods were employed for the isolation and identification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. The prevalence results revealed that E. coli was detected in 58% of the samples, while Salmonella spp. were isolated from 26% of the samples, indicating a higher level of E. coli contamination in the study area. Taluka-wise variation in bacterial prevalence was observed, reflecting differences in farm hygiene and management practices. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the agar disk diffusion method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The E. coli isolates exhibited high resistance to several commonly used antibiotics, including oxacillin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. However, notable sensitivity was observed against amikacin, gentamycin, and erythromycin. Similarly, Salmonella isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and sulfonamide antibiotics, while sensitivity was primarily observed to amoxicillin, gentamycin, and erythromycin. The presence of multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. in poultry litter highlights a potential risk to animal and public health. The findings emphasize the need for improved biosecurity measures, hygienic farm practices, and rational use of antimicrobials in poultry production systems to minimize the spread of resistant pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rameez Raja Kaleri, Aijaz Ul Haq, Paio Khan, Muhammad Anees Memon, Munesh Kumar Alias Mano, Ahtisham Hussain, Deepesh Kumar Bhuptani, Muhammad Yaseen, Ghulam Abbas, Vanila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Vermicompost and Rhizobium Inoculation on Growth and Yield of Lentil Genotypes under Rainfed region
Abstract Vermicompost (VC) and Rhizobium inoculation (RI) can be used to improve the growth and productivity of lentil. This study aimed to assess the impact of both organic and inorganic fertilizers on the productivity and growth of genotypes of lentils grown under rainfed environments. For this, a field experiment was conducted at the experimental field area of the Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal, in 2024–2025 under rainfed conditions. The investigation was carried out on a sandy loam textured soil with a pH of 7.8, extractable K (126 mg kg-1), extractable P (2.5 mg kg-1), and low organic matter (0.31%). The RCBD factorial (randomized complete block design) was used in this study, which included three replications and seven treatments in a 1.2 m * 5 m plot. Urea, single super phosphate, and murate of potash were the sources of N, P, and K, respectively. On October 25, 2024, the crop was planted, and on April 4, 2025, it was harvested. The mean values were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level after the collected data was statistically analyzed using the analysis of variance technique (ANOVA). When the treatments were compared, it was found that all of the genotypes of lentil (G1=21CL307, G2=21CL309, and G3= Chakwal Masoor, a check variety) performed better in T6 (Rhizobium + VC + 100% RDF), as evidenced by improved germination percentages (98, 97, 98), plant height (48.66 cm, 47.33 cm, 45 cm), number of pods/plant (116.33, 118, 108.33), number of seeds/pod (2.66, 2.7, 2), 1000-grain weight (37g, 36.66g, 36.66g), and grain yield (359.5 kg ha⁻¹, 364 kg ha⁻¹, 354.33 kg ha⁻¹). The control group, which did not receive any fertilizer treatments, had the lowest outcomes. Every other treatment outperformed the control treatment statistically. According to this study, applying fertilizer such as rhizobium + VC + 100% RDF is advised to improve the growth and yield of lentil genotypes grown under rainfed conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Latif, Muhammad Arsalan, Rehmat Ullah, Madeeha Khan, Sairah Syed, Farhat Bashir, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Aslam, Rizwan Latif, Amir Afzal, Sair Sarwar, Munazza Yousra, Adeel Anwar, Aown Abbas, Salma Shaheen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eco-Friendly Management of Pentalonia nigronervosa: The Vector of BBTV on Banana Crop
The Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the most destructive viral diseases of banana worldwide, causing severe reductions in fruit yield and quality. Its vector, the banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coquerel), is an efficient transmitter of BBTV and occurs wherever bananas are cultivated. This pest is regarded as one of the most serious and economically important insect pests of banana fields globally, including in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various eco-friendly approaches for the management of P. nigronervosa under field conditions. Pheromone traps were installed at four different heights in banana plantations on the ground surface, 1, 2, and 3 meters (T₄), to determine the optimal placement for aphid monitoring. Aphid populations were recorded weekly for four weeks. A significant reduction (P < 0.05) in aphid density was observed in traps installed at 2 m height (T₃), which proved to be the most effective height for monitoring and suppressing P. nigronervosa populations compared with other levels. In a second field experiment, the insecticidal efficacy of four botanical extracts, neem oil (T₁), tobacco solution (T₂), neem leaf powder (T₃), and eucalyptus extract (T₄) was tested against an untreated control. Each extract was prepared separately and applied as a foliar spray. Aphid counts were taken one day before application and at 1, 3, and 6 days after treatment. Among the botanicals, the tobacco solution (T₂) caused the greatest reduction in aphid population (25.64 aphids per plant, P < 0.05), followed by neem oil (28.36), neem powder (30.39), and eucalyptus (30.39), compared with the control (45.67). The suppression achieved by the tobacco extract was significantly higher than that of eucalyptus but statistically similar to neem oil and neem powder. Overall, the findings suggest that pheromone traps installed at 2 m height and tobacco extract sprays are highly effective, eco-friendly tools for the management of P. nigronervosa in banana plantations, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical insecticides.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabit Ali Baloch, Abdul Ghani Lanjar, Tajwar Sultana Syed, Muhammad Ali Khanzada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Traits and Milk Composition of Different Cattle Breeds Reared under Subtropical Conditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
The present study was conducted to investigate the comparative adaptability of different exotic cattle breeds in subtropical conditions. For these purposes, the performance characteristics of three different cattle breeds, including Holstein Friesian (HF), Australian Friesian (AF), and Jersey, reared at Livestock Research & Breeding Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, were studied. Data from 2010 to 2020 were utilized. Results showed that a significantly higher daily milk yield (DMY), peak milk yield (PMY), and lactation yield (LY) were recorded for the HF breed than for AF and Jersey. The significantly highest DMY, PMY, and LY were recorded in the fifth parity. A significantly higher fat content was found in the milk of the Jersey breed as compared to HF and AF breeds. Protein and solid non-fat (SNF) were significantly higher in the HF breed than in the AF and Jersey breeds. The DMY and the SMY were significantly correlated with PMY, but a negative, insignificant Pearson correlation was found between Lactose, Total Solids, and pH; however, protein and SNF showed a positive Pearson correlation. The highest production performance was observed in the HF breed, indicating its better productive performance under the prevailing management and climatic conditions. Therefore, the HF breed of cattle should be raised for future breeding, according to the study's current findings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wajid Ullah, Syed Muhammad Suhail, Muhammad shuaib, Sohaib Ul Hassan, Abubakar Sufyan, Obaid Ullah, Muhammad Shahkar Uzair, Maryam Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of Vaginal Cytology with Estrous Behavior and Genetic Markers (GDF9 and BMP15) in indigenous Goat Breeds
This study aimed to investigate the cytological, behavioral, and molecular aspects of the estrous cycle in three indigenous goat breeds; Gulabi, Pateri, and Tapri of Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 45 healthy does were monitored under uniform semi-intensive management and grouped to ensure diversity in reproductive history. The estrous cycle was tracked over 21 days using behavioral observations and vaginal cytology, identifying distinct cellular patterns between proestrus and estrus phases. Proestrus was characterized by a mixed population of epithelial cells and moderate leukocytes, while estrus showed over 85% superficial cornified cells, minimal leukocytes, and clinical signs of receptivity. Concurrently, genomic DNA was extracted from blood, and exon–intron regions of two key fecundity genes, GDF9(799 bp) and BMP15 (503 bp), were amplified using PCR. Gel electrophoresis confirmed successful amplification with high primer specificity, yielding clean, expected-size bands without non-specific products. These genes were then sequenced for further analysis. The combined cytological, behavioral, and genetic data provided a robust framework for reproductive monitoring in goats. This study supports the utility of vaginal cytology as a non-invasive, reliable method to detect estrous phases and highlights the molecular profiling of GDF9 and BMP15 as potential tools for improving reproductive efficiency in indigenous goat breeds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faiza Rubab, Pershotam Khatri, Shahid Hussain Abro, Hira Sajjad Talpur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on Cattle Health and Disease Dynamics in Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Karachi
Cattle rearing constitutes an important part of Karachi`s urban and peri urban economy, providing a large part of the milk and meat production in the city. Nevertheless, infectious and management related diseases often undermine the health and productivity of the cattle in these regions. In this paper, the health conditions and disease dynamics of the cattle populations (n= 3500) in the urban and peri-urban areas of Karachi has been studied considering the major infectious diseases like Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Brucellosis, and Bovine Tuberculosis. The methodologies were field surveys, interviews with farmers, and veterinary records to assess the management practices in farms, biosecurity, and disease prevalence. The results indicate that poor hygiene, housing, animal movement, and less availability of vaccination is some of the major contributors to the transmission and reoccurrence of the diseases. The findings show that there is a significant difference in the prevalence of diseases in the districts. The most common condition of all was Mastitis with the highest rates recorded in District Korangi (17%), then District West (12.4%), and District Malir (10.5%). Anthrax was also predominant with a significant prevalence of 16% and 15.8 % in District Malir and Korangi respectively. District West recorded the highest percentage of Bovine Johne Disease (6.4%), and Black Quarter and Hemorrhagic Septicemia were also relatively high in Korangi (6.9% and 3.7%, respectively). There were significant differences in the prevalence of pneumonia in District Malir (11.57%) against other districts. Conversely, District South and District Central had the lowest prevalence rates of most diseases.The research highlights that animal health management programs, regular disease surveillance and farmer`s education are required as a measure to curb the risks of diseases. Intensifying these measures will lead to improved productivity of cattle, less economic wastage and a more sustainable and robust livestock industry in Karachi.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rimsha Naseem, Roohi Kanwal, Uzma Imdad, Humaira Noor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Validation and Development of Microkjeldahl Distillation Method for Amino Acid Determination
To determine the amounts of nutrients they contain, fertilizer samples are tested; however, the results vary based on the techniques. Therefore, developing and validating a technique for Amino acid determination using Microkjeldahl Distillation Method was the main goal of this study. The Soil & Water Testing Laboratory (SWTL) Dera Ghazi Khan (accredited ISO/IEC, 17025:2017) approved the Microkjeldahl Distillation Method for measuring the amounts of Amino acid. The validation method included bias, recovery, limit of quantification, limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility and T-test was used for reproducibility. The limits for detection and quantification were, respectively, 0.74% and 2.46%. The reproducibility indicated T-calculated values of 0.862, which were lower than the T-tabulated (2.262), with repeatability RSD of 3.151%. The Amino acid recovery rate was 99.40%. Vietnam's findings (QUATEST3 www.quatest3.com.vn) had Z-scores that were within the acceptable range. The estimated values of Amino acid and their genuine values are strongly correlated, as indicated by recovery (i.e 0.99.40%). This outcome shows that the approach performed at its peak. Because all of the parameters worked well and produced accurate findings according to accepted standards. Therefore, the method might be used to determine the amount of Amino acid in fertilizers really well.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Bilal, Rehmat Ullah, Muhammad Akram Qazi, Fareeha Habib, Farhat Bashir, Sobia Noor, Abid Niaz, Amir Afzal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Management of Tikka Disease in Groundnut Using Chemical, Botanical, and Biocontrol Approaches
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in Pakistan faces a major challenge from tikka disease, caused by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum. The present study was undertaken to isolate the causal agents and evaluate the efficacy of fungicides and Bio-botanical protectants. Infected leaf samples were collected from the University Research Farm, Koont (Chakwal), and pathogens were isolated based upon cultural and morphological characteristics (e.g., colony color, texture, spore size and shape). Pathogenicity was confirmed by fulfilling Koch’s postulates proving Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum to be the actual cause for tikka disease of ground nut. Following isolation, pot experiment was conducted under Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprising nine treatments and three replications. Means were analysed statistically by applying ANOVA using Statstix 8.1 software. Varying concentrations of Mancozeb (0.1% and 0.2%), neem extract (5% and 10%), garlic extract (5% and 10%), and Trichoderma spp. (5 mL and 10 mL), with combined treatments of Mancozeb 0.2%, neem 10%, garlic 10%, and Trichoderma 10 mL. Key parameters viz., disease incidence, severity, plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry biomass were recorded. The results revealed combined treatments effectively reducing disease incidence by 48.66% and severity by 50.59% and enhancing plant height (30.32 cm), leaf number (15), and biomass. The disease was supressed highly using 0.2% Mancozeb, followed by moderate Trichoderma treatments while neem and garlic extracts showed minimum potential. The study highlighted combined biogenic inputs to manage tikka disease and improve plant growth with effectivity, sustainability, and eco-friendly strategies.Keywords: Groundnut, Cercospora arachidicola, Cercosporidium personatum, Mancozeb, Trichoderma, Botanicals, Biocontrol.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Nawaz, M. Inam ul Haq, Syed Zulfiqar Ali, Gulshan Irshad, Atta ul Rehman, Mehak Zahra, Hurmain Aslam, Laiba Zarar Noor, Muhammad Naveed Tahir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Different Concentrations of Aloe vera Gel on Seed Germination and Growth of Moringa (Moringa oleifera)
Moringa (Moringa oleifera) cultivation is limited germination and early seedling growth challenges. Aloe vera gel, a natural biostimulant, shows potential, but its effects on Moringa are underexplored. The primary objective of this investigation was to identify sustainable ways to increase the germination as well as seedling vigor of Moringa. The study had taken place at the Horticulture Department of Sindh Agriculture University in Tandojam during the fall of 2024. The findings from this research investigates the impact of varying concentrations of Aloe vera gel on the germination and growth of Moringa (Moringa oleifera). The experiment was laid out in a CRD with six treatments, replicated three times. T0 (control), T1 priming (distilled water), T2 (1% Aloe vera gel), T3 (30% Aloe vera gel), T4 (60% Aloe vera gel), and T5 (100% Aloe vera gel). Key germination and growth parameters, including germination percentage, time to germination, germination index, seedling vigor index, number of branches per plant, shoot and root fresh biomass, seedling quality index, plant height, and sturdiness quotient were evaluated in this study. Findings showed that 100% Aloe vera gel (T5) significantly improved germination percentage (82.66%), germination index (4.99), vigor index (2230), plant height (42.11 cm), and number of branches (14.66), while control treatment consistently produced the lowest values. Interestingly, shoot and root biomass, as well as seedling quality index, were maximized at lower concentrations (1% Aloe vera gel). These results highlight the potential of Aloe vera gel as a sustainable and natural biostimulant to overcome germination challenges in Moringa. Future studies should focus on field-scale validation, optimization of gel concentrations, and integration with other eco-friendly priming techniques to establish standardized protocols for large-scale Moringa cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muzafaruddin Chachar, Saba Ambreen Memon, Tanveer Fatima Miano, Sadaruddin Chachar, Memoona Islam Majeedano, Zaheer Ahmed Chachar, Saeed Ahmed Chachar, Raheem Ullah, Sana Shazia Jiskani, Tahir Mehmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Can Sowing Date and Phosphorus Management Enhance Linseed Productivity in Pothwar Region?
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a nutraceutical-rich oilseed crop with strong adaptability but remains underexploited in low-input systems such as Pakistan’s Pothwar Plateau. This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilization and sowing dates on linseed phenology, yield traits, and oil quality over two seasons (2023–2025) at NARC, Islamabad. A split-plot design included four sowing dates (SD1–SD4) and six phosphorus levels (0–250 kg ha⁻¹ DAP). Early sowing (SD1) combined with 150 kg ha⁻¹ P significantly improved capsules per plant, seed yield, 1000-seed weight, oil content, and phenological development. Seed yield increased by up to 7.6% under SD1–P150 compared with the control, supported by enhanced oil biosynthesis and favorable soil moisture dynamics. Yield exhibited a positive linear association with soil moisture across replications. The results highlight the importance of optimizing phosphorus input and sowing windows to maximize linseed productivity and promote sustainable oilseed production in semi-arid rainfed areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Hakim Chaudhary, Ghulam Qadir, Mukhtar Ahmad, Muhammad Aqeel Aslam, Rifat Hayat, Sahir Hameed khattak, Ihsan Ullah, Saida Komal, Esha Yaseen, Abdul Ahad Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Uncovering the Potential of Ethylene Inhibitors on Delaying Ethylene Mediated Senescence and Preserving Cut Life of Climacteric Flowers
Maintaining the vase life and quality of cut flowers is one of the main obstacle in floriculture industry. Cut flowers, especially climacteric ones have very short life span attributed due to outburst of respiration and ethylene synthesis during senescence. This increase is related to autocatalytic reaction in which exogenous ethylene initiate biosynthesis of endogenous ethylene, activating enzymes and genes involved in ethylene synthesis. Ethylene causes petal wilting and abscission, leaf yellowing and abrupt or premature death of flowers. Flower senescence in ethylene synthesis flowers can’t be eliminated but can be delayed using by application of ethylene inhibitors. Ethylene inhibitors (biosynthesis and action) can minimize the premature flower senescence in response to endogenous ethylene production. Application of these inhibitors as pulsing or holding solution reduced ethylene biosynthesis by inhibiting enzymes activities or used antagonistic molecules to bind with ethylene receptors thus inhibiting downstream signaling. This review sheds light on ethylene inhibitors types, mode of action, impact on vase life and quality of cut flowers and their limitations. This comprehensive write-up will not only help the florists, but it will provide combined and detailed information to researchers in designing their research studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Manzoor, Tanveer Hussain, Naeem Akhtar, Muhammad Waqas Azam, Syed Awais Sajid, Ahsan Hammad, Tamoor Hussain, Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Saqib Naveed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Salicylic Acid on Mycelial Growth and Conidial Germination of Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium wilt is a significant disease of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici. Pakistan is known as a major chilli producer; however the chilli industry is suffering from lower yields affected by biotic and abiotic stresses including F. oxysporum. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of exogenous application of salicylic acid on mycelial growth and conidial germination of the pathogen in controlled lab conditions. Using various concentrations of SA (0-1.5 mM), a clear concentration major effect was observed. At lower concentrations (0.05-0.5 mM) the fungal growth was stimulated, while higher concentrations (0.5–1.5 mM) significantly inhibited fungal growth, being the highest level of inhibition at 1.5 mM where mycelial growth was reduced to 77.8% compared with controls. Moreover, the rate of conidial germination also decreased with increasing levels of SA, with a reduction of 47 % at 1.5 mM indicating its potential as an antifungal agent. The results of this study shows the dual role of SA in regulating plant-pathogen interactions and demonstrate the potential of SA for managing Fusarium wilt in chilli crops, opening avenues for its use as a sustainable agricultural practice to improve the resistance of crops to fungal diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ammar Yasir, Muhammad Mubeen, Mubashir Ahmed, Hamid Shafique, Muhammad Abid Saif, Anam Moosa, Mushahid Sattar, Tahir Mahmood, Laraib Malik, Muhammad Luqman, Muzamil Afzal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Estrus Duration and Ovulation Time with and without Copulation in Beetal Goats
Background: The study aimed to assess the impact of copulation on estrus length and ovulation timing in Beetal goats. Methods: Fourteen healthy, multiparous does were synchronized for estrus during the fall breeding season using a CIDR device for 7 days. Each received 5mg of PGF₂α at removal and 50µg of intramuscular gonadotrophin releasing hormone at insertion. The does were split into two groups at random: control (CON; n = 7) and treatment (TRE; n = 7). TRE does undergo two natural copulations within first four hours of estrus expression, while CON does were only mounted by apron-equipped bucks to prevent intromission. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed after every 4 hours following the estrus onset until ovulation. Results: The onset of estrus was similar between groups (41.2±14.8 h in TRE vs. 44.5±11.9 h in CON; P = 0.68). However, the estrus duration was significantly shorter in the TRE group (27.4±4.8 h) than in CON (35.6±5.1 h; P = 0.01). Ovulation occurred earlier in TRE (30.7 ± 2.5 h) than in CON (35.2 ± 3.4 h; P = 0.03). A higher proportion of TRE does ovulated after estrus ended compared to CON (83% vs. 29%; P = 0.04). The number of ovulations per doe did not differ significantly (2.0 ± 0.6 in TRE vs. 2.1 ± 0.5 in CON; P=0.87). Conclusion: In conclusion, copulation significantly shortens estrus and advances ovulation timing in Beetal goats, without affecting ovulation count.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Awais Afzal, Zubaria Yousaf, Saqib Umer, Razia Kausar, Fizzah Laeeq Lodhi, Ali Numan, Shahbaz Hussain, Arslan Munawar, Hassan Nawaz, Anjum Masood, Hamza Hassan Khan, Huma Jamil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Evaluation among Brassica Advanced Breeding Lines for Qualitative Traits
This research was conducted to assess genetic evaluation between Brassica advanced lines for qualitative traits. Twenty-two Brassica genotypes (sixteen advanced lines and six checks) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during 2021-22 crop growing season. Significant (p≤0.01) differences among overall genotypes, advance lines, checks and advance lines vs. checks were observed for all studied traits except pod width and protein content. The genotype G06 showed highest value of 48% for oil content, while highest value for protein content of 24% for G20. The Genotype G13 and G19 showed lowest value for glucosinolate content and erucic acid content (47 and 23), respectively. High heritability estimates were observed for erucic acid (0.85), glucosinolate content (0.78), oleic acid (0.77), linolenic acid (0.69), and moisture content (0.61). High genetic advance as a mean percent was manifested for erucic acid (28.0%), glucosinolate content (24.86%) while moderated genetic advance values were recorded for linolenic acid (17.59%) and oleic acid (17.18%). The study also revealed that genetic factors played a significant role in determining glucosinolate content and oleic acid content, making them suitable targets for selective breeding. On the basis of superior performance, G18, g06, G03, g05, g13, g19 and g20 are recommended for growing growers to high yielding Brassica cultivars.
Biochemical Analysis and Qualitative Traits
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Suliman, Laila Fayyaz, Noshin Shafqat, Nadia Jabeen, Hassan Mujtaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Desmodium elegans: Phytochemical and Biological Insights
The biological potential of Desmodium elegans (D. elegans), roots and leaves were evaluated through various in vitro assays. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several bioactive secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, phenols, and tannins. The antimicrobial, phytotoxic, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities of the plant extracts were assessed using the direct contact method, agar well diffusion method, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The crude root extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, inhibiting Escherichia coli (11 mm), Salmonella Typhi (6 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11 mm). In contrast, the leaf extract showed stronger inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae (14 mm) and moderate activity against E. coli (13 mm), S. Typhi (14 mm), and P. aeruginosa (14 mm). The methanolic extract of the root exhibited minimal antifungal activity, with only 5% inhibition against Aspergillus flavus and 10% against Trichoderma harzianum. The antioxidant potential of Desmodium elegans (root and leaves) was also noteworthy, with scavenging activities of 42% and 46% at 60 ppm, and 51% and 57% at 80 ppm, respectively. Phytotoxicity assays revealed the root extract exhibited 25% and 6.25% activity, while the leaf extract demonstrated 31.25% and 25% activity at concentrations of 1000 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml. Insecticidal assays revealed positive results against Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica (20%), and Callosobruchus analis (60%) at higher concentrations. These findings suggest that Desmodium elegans possesses significant bioactive potential and could serve as a valuable source of natural products for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pest control applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jawad Nasir, Ihsan ud din, Zia Ud din, Izhar Ud din, Gul Rukh, Saima khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Extraction Optimization of Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Protein using Response Surface Methodology
Red kidney beans valued globally for their nutritional content, health benefits, and culinary versatility. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum conditions for the extraction of protein from red kidney bean seeds. By using a central composite design, the effects of three independent variables, namely pH (8, 9, 10, 11, and 12), temperature (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100oC), and time (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min) were investigated on the selected response variable i.e. percent protein recovery. The second-order model obtained for protein recovery revealed a good coefficient of determination (98.79%). Maximum protein recovery was obtained when pH, temperature, and extraction time were 10.1, 31.4oC, and 75 min, respectively. Additional experiments were performed at optimum conditions to confirm the suitability of the model. The results revealed that the range of protein recovery from red kidney bean flour was 68.7% to 83%, with temperature, pH, and extraction time having a significant impact. Strong agreement between predicted and experimental values was demonstrated by the second-order regression model, which had a high fitness (R2 = 98.79%). The highest protein recovery of 85.1% was obtained under ideal extraction conditions (pH 10.1, 31.4°C, 75 min). The experimental values for protein recovery were in close agreement with that of the predicted results, thus signifying the appropriateness of the model used. The study can instigate the production of protein isolates or concentrates from red kidney beans for use as promising food ingredients in the industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Imran Hayat, Asif Ahmad, Saima Rafiq, Nabila Gulzar, Diya Khan, Rai Muhammad Amir, Anees Murtaza, Hamza Tariq, Raees Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heat Stress Effects on Maize: A Comprehensive Review of Stage-Specific Effects and Climate-Resilient Strategies
Heat stress, intensified by global climate change, has a serious adverse impact on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity through all developmental stages. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and genetic maize responses to elevated temperatures, focused on stage-specific vulnerabilities. Heat stress during flowering particularly anthesis and silking is identified as the most critical, leading to impaired pollen viability, disrupted floral synchrony, and reduced kernel set. During grain filling, elevated temperatures hasten senescence, hinder carbohydrate translocation, and diminish kernel weight and quality. On the molecular level, heat stress induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, disrupts hormonal balance. This mechanism triggers heat shock protein (HSP) expression through transcription factors such as HSFs and DREB2A. Genetic studies reveals key heat-resilient genes, including ZmHSF01, ZmHSP17.9, and others involved in antioxidant defense, osmolyte biosynthesis, and reproductive stability. Climate models project up to 30% yield losses by 2050 if mitigation strategies are not adopted. Moreover, adaptation involve gene editing, molecular breeding, stress-resilient cultivars, and climate-smart agronomic practices. These are crucial for sustaining maize production in a warming world. This review focuses on the need for integrated genetic, physiological and management approaches to enhance maize thermotolerance and secure future food supplies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tayyaba Mahboob, Mahmood ul Hassan, Zubair Ahmed, Safeena Abbas, Muhammad Wajid Khan, Hassan Bin Munir, Aswad Bashir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nutrient Expert Model: Bridging the Gap between Fertilizer Application and Enhanced Wheat Yield
Cereal are the main staple food of many Asian countries including Pakistan, so their demand is increasing day by day. Use of high cost fertilizers in order to attain the required production levels has become compulsion for farmers. Under such scenario achieving higher productivity with minimum input cost is the main goal of today’s farming community. In order to find out the possible way to obtain maximum return from the soil with lowest cost, field experiments were conducted to test the IPNI-nutrient expert model for wheat on farmers’ field during the year 2017 to 2020 in different climatic zones of Punjab, Pakistan. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). There were five treatments including control (no fertilizer), Farmer Practice (FP), NPK at half and full recommended dosages and Nutrient Expert dose (NE) with three replications. The results ascertained that the highest wheat grain yield (5084 kg ha-1) was obtained with NE followed by recommended dose of NPK (4851 kg ha-1) in cotton zone, however in all other zones recommended dose of NPK gave maximum yield followed by NE. In terms of net revenue obtained, NE performed best amongst the treatments applied. The results of the experiment suggested that use of advance models (like IPNI nutrient expert model) for site specific nutrient recommendations can give higher productivity with maximum economic efficiency in comparison to farmers own conventional practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Majid Rahim, Samina Hamid, Muhammad Akram Qazi, Zia Chishti, Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal, Muhammad Rashid, Hafiz Riaz Ahmad, Abdul Waheed, Ahmad Nadeem, Nafeesa Muslim, Farah Umar, Annum Sattar, Muhammad Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Superworm Meal Supplementation in Broilers: Impacts on Growth, Immunity, and Profitability
This study investigated the efficacy of superworm-based diets on broilers' performance, immunity, and economics from 1 to 42 days. A total of 120 day old chicks, were divided into four groups having three replicates with 10 birds in each, and were kept in cages. The first group was kept as a control group and fed a basal diet. Group SW1 was supplemented with 1 g/kg of defatted superworm meal (D-SWM) in the feed. Group SW2 was added 2 g/kg of defatted superworm meal to the diet, while Group SW3 was supplemented with 3 g/kg of defatted superworm meal. The Body weight (BW) at day 42 was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the SW1 group, while the lowest was recorded in the control group. The overall BW in the finisher phase was significantly highest in the SW1 group, as compared to the control group. On day 35, feed intake (FI) was significantly higher in the control group compared to the supplemented groups. On day 42, the D-SWM supplementation significantly affected broiler chickens' feed consumption (p<0.05). The highest FI at day 42 was reported in the control group compared to the D-SWM supplemented groups. The overall feed intake was the highest (p<0.05) in the control group, followed by the SW2 and SW3 groups, while the lowest was reported in the SW1 defatted mealworm supplemented group. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) on day 35 significantly increased in the control group compared to the superworms supplemented group. At day 42, the D-SWM supplementation significantly affected broiler chickens' feed conversion (p<0.005). The overall FCR in the finisher phase was significantly (p<0.05) highest in the control group, while the lowest was reported in the SW1 group. The carcass weight (CW) was significantly affected by DSWM supplementation. The highest carcass weight was reported in the SW1 group, while the lowest was noted for the SW2 group. The eviscerated weight (EW) was the highest in the M1 group as compared to the control group. The dry matter % of broiler chickens supplemented with D-SWM was significantly increased in the control and SW1 groups, followed by SW2 and SW3 groups. The crude protein (CP) digestibility was significantly higher in the control, while it was lowered in the SW3 group. The superworm meal supplementation had a significant effect on the ether extract (EE) digestibility. The EE digestibility was the highest in the control as compared to SW3 group. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) titer significantly increased in the SW1, SW2, and SW3 while it decreased in the control group. The gross return (GR) and profit margin (PM) were significantly highest in the SW1 group, while the lowest was reported in the control group. In the duodenum, the villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and villus surface area VSA were significantly (p< 0.005) affected by the DSWM supplementation. The VH, CD, and VSA also significantly increased in the SW supplemented group compared to the control group, which was lower than the supplemented group. In the Jejunum, the VSA was significantly higher in the defatted SW supplemented group than in the control. It was concluded that the DSWM at the rate of 1% improved the body weight, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight, eviscerated weight, histomorphology, gross return, and profit margin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mian Shahab Shah, Sarzamin Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Impact of Osmotic Stress on Wheat Seedlings for Drought Adaptation
Wheat stands as the most extensively cultivated staple food crop worldwide, playing a vital role in food security across diverse regions, including Pakistan. Low moisture content during the growing season at various growth stages significantly reduces crop yield. In present study, thirteen (13) local wheat varieties were tested in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications under normal and artificial osmotic stressed condition. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber with optimum growing conditions using petri plates. Two sets of treatments, i.e., normal distilled water (T1) and 15% polyethylene glycol (PEG-8000) simulated stress conditions (T2), were applied for fifteen days and data were recorded for various seedling traits. Results indicated significant variation among the tested varieties for almost all studied seedling traits. However, the PEG Treatment × Varieties interaction was found to be non-significant for root length, shoot length, and seedling length. The mean performance of all seedling traits displayed drastic decrease under osmotic stress condition as compared to normal water. Overall, the varieties Tijaban-10 and K-98 demonstrated stable performance across both environments, whereas variety Anaj-17 and Wadan was recognized most drought-sensitive based on contribution of seedling traits. Conclusively, the seedling traits of Tijaban-10 and K-98 demonstrated stability under osmotic stress conditions. These varieties are recommended for future breeding programs to develop drought-tolerant wheat varieties suited to Balochistan's climate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babar Ali, Ghulam Rasool, Atta Ullah, Mehwish Shoaib, Nanak Khan, Muhammad Waris, Ahmed Ali, Khalil Asghar, Kamran Hashim, Aamir Azeem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Growth, Yield and Ionic Response of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) to Saline Water in Open-air Hydroponics
Salinity is an increasing global concern, as rising salinity levels are reducing crop productivity and threatening agricultural sustainability, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. We investigated the influence of canal and saline waters on the growth, yield, and ion content of English spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), in an open-air hydroponic system. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design, comprising four irrigation treatments, viz. canal water (control), and saline waters with EC of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 dS m-1, repeated thrice. Our findings revealed that the increasing salinity levels of irrigation water significantly reduced spinach growth and yield. The maximum plant height (36.3 cm), number of leaves per plant (20.2), fresh weight per plant (42.2 g), and dry weight per plant (6.2 g) was observed under canal water irrigation treatment. While potassium (K+) ion concentration of plants was found highest under both canal water (4.13%) and salt-water of EC 2.0 dS m-1 (4.05%), respectively. Sodium (Na+) ion concentration increased linearly with the increasing EC levels. The maximum Na+ concentration was recorded under salt-water of 6.0 dS m-1 (2.72%). The study concluded that using saline water in hydroponics can reduce the growth, yield and K+ ion concentration of spinach, while increasing its Na+ concentration. However, spinach may tolerate saline water of an EC level up to 4.0 dS m-1 with less than 21.6% reduction in fresh weight (yield) compared to canal water irrigation. Future research is warranted for the validation of these results under field conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jamila Naz Jamro, Hassan Shah Rashdi, Liaqat Ali Bhutto, Abdul Hafeez Memon, Mansoor Ali Shah, Inzamam Ali Jamali, Aaqib Shah Rashdi, Zia-ul-Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Floral Resource Utilization by Butterflies and Moths in Rawalakot, AJK
Pollinators play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem stability. This study investigates the species diversity and composition of native flora visited by Lepidopteran pollinators (butterflies and moths) in Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Field surveys were conducted across five locations (Rawalakot, Drake, Banjosa, Kharick, and Dhamni) from March 2022 to October 2023. A total of 51 plant species from 18 families were identified as floral hosts for Lepidopteran pollinators. The Asteraceae family exhibited the highest species richness (9), followed by Rosaceae (6), Lamiaceae (5), and Cucurbitaceae (5). Diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalef, Menhinick, and Evenness) indicated the highest plant diversity in Dhamni (altitude: 1820 m) and the lowest in Banjosa (2000 m). Thirteen Lepidopteran species (12 butterflies and 1 moth) were recorded, with the highest pollinator abundance in Dhamni. A negative correlation was observed between altitude and both plant (−0.054) and pollinator (−0.279) diversity, while a strong positive correlation (0.877) existed between plant and pollinator diversity. These findings highlight the importance of conserving native flora to sustain pollinator populations, particularly in mountainous regions vulnerable to climate change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pakeeza Bakhtawar, Muahmmad Faraz Khan, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Imran Hamza, Tehsin Razzaq, Shazia Khatoon, Umer Ayyaz Aslam Sheikh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Wheat Blast: A Call for Coordinated Genetic, Chemical, and Quarantine Interventions
Wheat blast is a highly destructive disease that has emerged as a significant challenge to wheat production in warm and humid regions, caused by the fungal microorganism Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT). The disease was first reported in Brazil in 1985, spread across South America and has been identified in Asia (Bangladesh and India) and Africa recently (South America, including Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina) raising concerns worldwide. This review summarizes the epidemiological development, transcontinental distribution, and phytosanitary implications of wheat blast, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated international surveillance, breeding for resistance, and strict seed health protocols to inhibit global incursions. Since its initial outbreak in Brazil, the pathogen has demonstrated a capacity for rapid transboundary spread and severe yield losses. Its recent emergence in South Asia has intensified concerns, prompting surveillance efforts in Pakistan. Encouragingly, recent findings indicate that major wheat-producing regions in the country remain free of the disease. Nonetheless, the potential for regional spread remains a significant concern. Despite the grave implications for agricultural productivity, food security, and rural livelihoods, wheat blast has historically received limited attention at the global level. If left unmanaged, it could lead to widespread socio-economic disruption, including food insecurity and rural displacement. This article outlines a proposed framework for managing the threat through an integrated disease management (IDM) approach. Key components include the development of genetically resistant cultivars, prudent fungicide application, strict phytosanitary measures, and enhanced international collaboration to curb transboundary movement. A holistic, science-led strategy—underpinned by genomics-assisted breeding, robust surveillance, and coordinated global policy responses—is essential to safeguard wheat-based food systems in both endemic and at-risk regions.
Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum (MoT)
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadeem Ahmad, Sairah Syed, Amir Afzal, Muhammad Farooq Ahmed, Muhammad Hamza Ayub, Muhammad Danish Malik, Rahat Noor, Muhammad Makky Javaid, Saira Mehboob, Maha Sarfraz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Variability Analysis and Trait Interrelationship in Helianthus annuus l. across Two Growing Years
Edible oil consumption is increasing day by day while its production is stagnant. In Pakistan, there is huge gap between consumption and production. Cottonseed is contributing majorly to local production followed by Brassica and sunflower. Although sunflower is non-conventional crop, but it has great potential to fulfill then gap between consumption and production of edible oil. Sunflower is cross-pollinated crop and has highest genetic variation. There is dire need to explore the genetic potential of cultivated sunflower accessions. Assessment for genetic variability is the main component for effective selection. Achene yield is a complex trait influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Understanding the interrelationship among yield and its contributing attributes is the foundation for effective breeding strategies. This scientific inquiry focuses on accessing genetic variability and interrelationship among key traits across two years 2022 & 2023. Experiment was conducted at the research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The study involved 80 sunflower accessions from diverse sources i.e. national and international organizations grown by using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data were recorded on achene yield and its related traits for further analysis. Recorded data were subjected to analysis of variance, mean comparison test, and correlation coefficient analysis. The results revealed significant differences among accessions for all the studied traits, suggesting effective selection from germplasm. Among 80 sunflower accessions, Line 48, 49 and 50 had maximum means values for most of the traits. Traits number of leaves, leaf area, and head diameter are selected as selection criteria for improving the oil and achene yield in sunflowers. The study's results provide a solid foundation for breeding programs aimed at improving sunflower yield and productivity across diverse growing seasons.
Copyright (c) 2025 Humera Razzaq, Noreen Amjad, Zeeshan Ishfaq Bukhary, Waqar ul Hassan, Muhammad Nouman Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Battling the Cabbage Butterfly: A Comparative Analysis of Organic and Chemical Control Methods
The cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae) is a major lepidopteran pest of cruciferous vegetables, causing significant yield losses, especially during its larval stages. In light of increasing concerns about synthetic pesticide resistance, environmental hazards, and non-target effects, the current study was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of selected botanical extracts and chemical insecticides against different larval instars of P. brassicae under controlled laboratory conditions. Three organic treatments neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), and cannabis (Cannabis sativa) extracts were prepared in aqueous form and tested at three concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%). Two commonly used synthetic insecticides bifenthrin (10% EC) and lambda-cyhalothrin (2.5% EC) were evaluated at three dose levels: the Field Recommended Dose (FD), one-tenth (FD/10), and one-hundredth (FD/100) of FD. A leaf-dip bioassay method was used in which treated cabbage leaf discs were exposed to third, fourth, and fifth instar larvae of P. brassicae. The results revealed that both chemical insecticides demonstrated significantly higher mortality rates than the botanical extracts. At the field dose, lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin caused over 80% mortality in all instars, with nearly 90% mortality in third instars. Among botanical extracts, neem exhibited the highest efficacy, particularly at 30% concentration, causing up to 76.6% mortality in third instar larvae. Garlic showed moderate efficacy, while cannabis extract was the least effective, especially against older instars. Larval susceptibility was inversely related to developmental stage, with third instars being significantly more vulnerable than fourth and fifth instars across all treatments. These findings suggest that neem extract has strong potential as a biopesticide and could be effectively integrated into pest management strategies to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides. The study highlights the importance of early intervention and supports the incorporation of botanical extracts into sustainable and environmentally responsible integrated pest management (IPM) programs for cruciferous crops.
Copyright (c) 2022 Muhammad Imran, Tahira Pechuho, Reshma Sahito, Sindhoo Taj Lashari, Lubna Zafar, Raees Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Distribution, Morphoanatomical and Physiological Adaptations in Eulaliopsis binata in the Salt Range, Chakwal, Pakistan
This study provides a detailed examination of the distribution, morphoanatomical, and physiological adaptations of Eulaliopsis binata in the Salt Range of Chakwal, Pakistan. Five sites with varying salt levels, including Kallar Kahar Lake, Khushab Road (Kallar Kahar), Bhuchal Kalan, Miani, and Chakwal Road (referred to as sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively), were selected for plant and soil sample collection and analysis. The study identified key physicochemical properties of the soil that influenced plant growth and adaptive strategies. Plant growth parameters such as shoot length, fresh and dry biomass were observed to be higher at site 2 due to optimal soil conditions. Anatomical studies of root, stem, and leaf tissues revealed structural adaptations crucial for the resilience of plants against saline conditions. A more developed epidermis was observed at Site 1 (19.5 µm), providing better structural support and water transport under dry and saline conditions. The smallest metaxylem was observed at Site 4, indicating favorable conditions that do not require highly adaptive structures. Evaluation of physiological parameters, such as total chlorophyll content, showed differences among the sites. The highest total chlorophyll content was recorded at Site 2 (2.79 mg/g), suggesting a greater potential for biomass accumulation and highlighting strong adaptive capabilities of E. binata to saline environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayesha Sajad, Muhammad Ayaz, Naseeb Ullah, Ayesha Ilyas Khan, Nimra Akram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0