Integrative Plant Biotechnology is dedicated to advancing the understanding and application of multidisciplinary approaches in plant biotechnology research. With a focus on integration across various fields including breeding, genetics, genomics, bioinformatics, physiology, and molecular biology, this journal aims to provide a platform for the dissemination of cutting-edge research that addresses key challenges in plant biology and agriculture. By promoting collaboration and the exchange of ideas among scientists and researchers worldwide, "Integrative Plant Biotechnology" seeks to accelerate the development of innovative technologies and strategies for enhancing plant productivity, resilience to abiotic stresses, enhanced crop disease management and sustainability at the interface of global environmental changes and food security concerns.
Eco-Friendly Management of Fusarium Wilt of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) using Biocontrol Agents
Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a vital leguminous crop, is severely affected by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi. In the current study, we tested the effectiveness of biocontrol agents under in vitro and pot conditions. The pathogen was isolated from infected plants collected from Faisalabad. The pathogen was identified based on morphological features. Four biocontrol agents were tested using a dual culture technique under in vitro conditions: Bacillus subtilis, Janthinobacterium lividum, Beauveria bassiana, and Verticillium lecanii. The biocontrol agents were further tested using a seed priming technique on three varieties of peas: Sarsabz, Mateor, and Pea-2009. Results showed that J. lividum exhibited maximum inhibitory activity (31.97%) at 12 days of incubation, however, B. subtilis consistently showed antagonistic activity (24.80%). In pot experiments, B. subtilis significantly reduced disease incidence and severity in all varieties as compared to controls. In addition, B. subtilis significantly improved growth parameters in comparison to controls under pot conditions. Among the varieties, Sarsabz showed better results. It can be concluded that B. subtilis showed promising potential for the management of Fusarium wilt of pea under controlled conditions, however, further validation under field conditions and molecular-level investigations are required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Usman, Numaad Ihsan, Muhammad Talha Ashraf, Ayesha Khalid, Muhammad Ehetisham-Ul-Haq, Huma Abbas, Amjad Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unraveling Genotypic Stability of Stem Sweetness in Sweet Sorghum across Growth Stages and Environments
Stem sweetness, that is measured as Brix % is an important trait in sweet sorghum which has direct implication for fodder quality, bioethanol production, and farmer preference. The present study evaluated a diverse panel of 103 sorghum genotypes for stem sweetness in terms of brix% over two consecutive years (2024-2025) at two stages: anthesis and physiological maturity. To address the complexities of environmental variability linear mixed-effects model was used to check the significance of genotype, growth stage, and year along with their interaction effects. The LMM based analysis of variance revealed highly significant effects for genotype, growth stage, and year effect along with their interaction effects. As genotypic effects along with their interactions were significant hence BLUP and WAASB were used to know which genotype is best and more stable. GP-15 and F-902 successfully identified as highly sweet genotypes along with maintaining high brix% regardless of environmental pressure. Furthermore, principal component analysis was exploited that demonstrated a positive correlation of brix% with plant height and internode length, suggesting that sugar storage capacity is linked to vigorous vegetative development. Notably, brix was found to be independent of stem diameter. While checking growth effect brix median progressively increased from ~ 10% to ~ 17% from anthesis to maturity respectively. Further, a potential influence of soil properties on stem Brix expression was also observed. As higher soil nutrients’, OM, P, K availability coincides with increase brix (17%) as compared to low soil nutrients where brix remained 15%. Collectively, these results provide a robust, statistically validated framework for the selection of stable, high-sugar sweet sorghum genotypes optimized for high-quality fodder production in variable rainfed agro-ecologies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Imran Khan, Saba Aleem, Muhammad Zeeshan, Waheed Arshad, Muhammad Saqib, Ayesha Malik, Ghulam Ahmad, Suleman Raza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synergetic Effect of Seed-Primed Biocontrol Agents and Biochar Soil Amendment on Wheat Productivity and Leaf Rust Suppression
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), a staple crop for over 2.5 billion people, suffers yield losses from leaf rust (Puccinia triticina). Effective management of this disease is essential. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sp. and Bacillus sp.), with or without biochar (1.5 g plant⁻¹), on four wheat genotypes under field conditions using a triplicate randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that biocontrol treatments, particularly Trichoderma sp., significantly improved growth and yield traits, with increases of up to approximately 79% in yield per plant and 56% in grain weight per spike, while reducing brown rust severity by approximately 60% compared to the control. The magnitude of response varied among genotypes, with Anaj-2017 showing comparatively greater improvement across several traits. However, the effects of biochar were not consistently superior across all treatments, indicating a context-dependent response. These observations highlight the potential of eco-friendly strategies, particularly Trichoderma sp., along with biochar, for enhancing wheat productivity and resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rabia Irshad, Ameer Hamza Aslam, Malaika Tariq, Ikhlas Shafique, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Naveed, Amjad Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pharmacological Potential of Halophytic Mangroves from the Indus River Delta: A Review on Novel Metabolites, Phytochemicals, Challenges and Future Prospects
Indus River Delta-Arabian Sea mangroves are among the most diverse and large mangrove ecoregions of the world situated on the coast of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The Indus River forms a massive alluvial fan in this region consisting of mud flats interspersed with channels and fringed with mangrove forests. Indus river delta is a saltier estuary than usual due to salt brought by river from Thar Desert. Only a few biochemically distinct plant species may survive in hostile environments caused by high salt concentrations. A wide range of natural compounds with distinct bioactivity are produced by these salt-tolerant plants. They include active metabolites that belong to several families of chemical compounds, such as steroids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenol, etc., and have some unique biochemical structures. Recent research on the pharmacological bioactivities of phytochemicals originating from these halophytic mangrove species is included in this review. The current paper also sheds light on mangroves as a source of several active substances, unique medicines, and agrochemicals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kulsoom Zahara, Ambreen Najaf, Yamin Bibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genotypic Performance and Assessment of Selection Criteria for Yield and Oil Content in Advanced Lines of Brassica juncea
The current study was undertaken to assess genotypic performance and to develop a reliable criterion for the selection of improved seed yield and oil quality in advanced lines of mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Fourteen advanced breeding lines and a commercial check were evaluated in a field experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Various phenological parameters, yield components, and oil quality parameters such as oil content, oleic acid and saturated fatty acids were measured and analyzed using analysis of variance, correlation, path analysis, principal component (PCA), cluster and path coefficient analysis to understand the relationships among the characters and genetic divergence. Among all genotypes, L13 (BR-13) performed better than all others, followed by L9 (BR-9) and L8 (BR-8), while L2 (BR-2) and L5 (BR5) were the poorest-performing genotypes. Thus, the current study revealed that the genotype L13 (BR-13) is the most promising line with early flowering, high seed yield, high oil content, high oleic acid and low saturated fatty acids. Seed yield was found to be significantly and positively associated with number of branches per plant, thousand seed weight, oil content and oleic acid, while saturated fatty acids were found to be negatively associated with yield and oil quality characters. PCA analysis indicated that the first two components accounted for the largest proportion of total variation, separating the genotypes into distinct groups based on yield-oil quality complexes and phenological characteristics. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into distinct classes based on early-flowering, high-yielding oil-rich lines and late-flowering, vegetatively vigorous but oil-inefficient types. Path analysis further confirmed the role of thousand seed weight and number of branches per plant as important indirect contributors to oil content through seed yield. The results provide clear selection criteria and demonstrate the value of integrating multivariate tools for accelerating genetic gains in mustard breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabir Hussain, Sundas Shahzad, Misbah Zulfqar, Muhammad Shah Jahan Bukhari, Natasha Kanwal, Asad-ur-Rahman Chaudhary, Muhammad Imran Akram, Muhammad Imran, Mahreen Khalid, Hafiz Muhammad Zia Ullah Ghazali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Line × Tester–Driven Assessment of Genetic Variability, Parental Contribution, and Hybrid Response for Yield Improvement in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is an economically important cucurbit in Pakistan, yet its productivity remains low due to limited availability of genetically improved hybrids. This study assessed genetic variability, combining ability, and heterosis in sixteen F₁ hybrids developed through line × tester mating design by crossing four female inbred lines (CKD-44, CKD-45, CKD-46, CKD-47) with four designated male testers (CKD-71, CKD-72, CKD-73, CKD-74). Significant differences among parents, hybrids, and line × tester interactions for all morphological and yield-related traits confirm substantial genetic variability. Highly heritable traits coupled with moderate to high genetic advance such as days to male and female flowering, number of primary branches, seeds per fruit, 100-seed weight, and yield per plant indicated the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene actions. Lines CKD-47, CKD-44, and CKD-46 exhibited superior general combining ability (GCA), while testers CKD-71, CKD-74, and CKD-73 also demonstrated favorable GCA for earliness and yield traits. The hybrids CKD-4572, CKD-4574, and CKD-4771 showed the highest specific combining ability (SCA), particularly for days to female flowering, primary branches, and days to maturity. Strong positive SCA effects in hybrids CKD-4474, CKD-4573, CKD-4671, and CKD-4774 translated into significant yield enhancement. Remarkable heterosis was observed in CKD-4473, CKD-4573, and CKD-4772, with yield heterosis peaking in CKD-4772 (90.91%) and CKD-4773 (93.94%), highlighting their commercial potential. Overall, both additive and non-additive genetic effects govern key traits. The parents CKD-44, CKD-46, CKD-47, CKD-71, CKD-73, and CKD-74, along with promising hybrids CKD-4474, CKD-4573, CKD-4671, and CKD-4774, are recommended for future bitter gourd breeding programs and multi-location evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Qasim, Muhammad Talal Ahmad, Waqar Ahmad, Sidra Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan Shafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Biological Control of Alternaria Leaf Spot in Spinach through Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis Mediated Disease Suppression and Growth Promotion
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a cool-season annual plant native to countries in the southwestern and central regions of Asia. Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of Alternaria leaf spot, is a major constraint to spinach production worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of biological control agents (BCAs) under lab and field conditions. In vitro testing showed that Bacillus subtilis provided the greatest early inhibition (50.0% inhibition at 8 days). Trichoderma harzianum showed the most consistent antagonistic activity (29.67% inhibition at 12 days) when compared to the other BCAs. Based on consistent in vitro antagonistic performance, T. harzianum and B. subtilis were selected for evaluation under field conditions using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The field trial showed that the treatment involving BCAs (T. harzianum + B. subtilis) resulted in significantly lower severity scores of 12.0%, representing a 65.7% reduction compared to the untreated control (35.2%). The T. harzianum + B. subtilis treatment also provided the greatest vigour in plant growth with higher fresh weight (27.30 g) and total dry weight (2.25 g). These improvements are likely associated with the known mycoparasitic activity of T. harzianum and the induction of plant defence responses by B. subtilis. The data support the idea that a combination of BCAs could be a viable, eco-friendly option for integrated management of Alternaria leaf spot in spinach production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Numaad Ihsan, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Ehetisham-Ul-Haq, Huma Abbas, Amjad Abbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genome‑wide Characterization of AP2/ERF Transcription Factors in Spinach Reveals Candidate Regulators for Nitrogen‑use Efficiency
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a nutrient-dense leafy vegetable characterized by its rapid growth rate, high antioxidant content, and adaptability to various environmental conditions. The elucidation of the genetic regulatory networks of spinach, particularly the transcription factor families are important for stress responses and are essential for improving adaptability and sustainability. A genome-wide analysis identified 42 member families of the Ethylene Response Factor family gene product. Within each clade, they were classified into three major subclades (AP2, ERF and RAV) consistent with the composition of structural domains. Gene mapping showed an uneven number of SpoERF genes on six chromosomes, many of which were clustered together for an unclear purpose and suggests that tandem duplication is an important mechanism responsible for gene expansion. Gene structure and motif analysis revealed highly conserved AP2 domains but varied intron–exon patterns, which suggest functional diversification. Synteny analysis identified phylogeographically strongly related genes between spinach and Arabidopsis thaliana, probably due to ancient duplication events and the conserved functional elements of the essential ERF regulators. Promoter analysis showed extensive enrichment for many cis-acting elements (Abre, DRE, LTR, W-box, G-box) and revealed involvement of SpoERFs in hormone, developmental, and environmental stress responses among SpoERF family. The findings of this study systematically identify and characterize the AP2/ERF gene family in spinach, revealing their chromosomal organization, evolutionary relationships, conserved structural features, and nitrogen-responsive expression patterns, thereby providing candidate regulatory genes for future functional studies and molecular improvement of nitrogen-use efficiency in spinach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullah Shakeel, Rabia Irshad, Muhammad Abdullah Hussain, Zahid Khan, Fatima Tu Zahra, Aqib Ali, Syed Din Muhammad, Muhammad Huzaifa Jamil, Ameer Hamza Aslam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Next-Generation Strategies for Developing and Commercializing Rust-Resistant Wheat through High-Throughput Phenotyping and Genomic Innovations
Wheat rusts are the most important diseases leading to substantial yield losses. Early and precise detection of wheat rusts for early mitigation and disease control is imperative. This review summarizes the advances in high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) approaches for rust detection. Additionally, various genomic interventions leading to the development of rust resistance in wheat are discussed in detail. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) approaches enable early, non-destructive, and repeatable detection of wheat diseases. However, they need initial investment, expertise, and computational resources. RGB imaging achieves ~80% accuracy by capturing infected leaf coloration, while hyperspectral and fluorescence imaging can predict rust with over 90% accuracy, 3–8 days before visible symptoms. LiDAR, UAVs, and robotic platforms automate large-scale field phenotyping, and spectral indices (NDVI, PRI), thermal, and chlorophyll sensors detect early physiological changes. AI and machine learning models, including CNNs and SVMs, enhance diagnostic precision and reduce bias, while mobile apps, lateral flow devices, and IoT-based systems facilitate affordable, real-time rust detection and forecasting. Genomic interventions complement phenotyping, with marker-assisted selection (MAS) enabling precise tracing of rust resistance genes, and genomic selection (GS) allowing early multi-trait prediction. QTL mapping and GWAS identify major and minor resistance loci, while introgression from wild relatives and MAS reduce linkage drag and introduce novel alleles. Transgenic approaches, RNA interference (RNAi), and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing enhance resistance through targeted gene modification, and gene pyramiding combines multiple loci for durable protection. Wheat pan-genome resources further support precise trait targeting, and speed breeding integrated with MAS, GS, or gene editing accelerates rust-resistant line development. Efficient seed system pathways ensure rapid dissemination, adoption, and resilience. The development and commercialization of rust-resistant wheat varieties under harsh climatic conditions are crucial for mitigating yield losses, reducing fungicide use, safeguarding farmer livelihoods, and ensuring sustainable food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zulkiffal, Aneela Ahsan, Javed Ahmed, Saira Mehboob, Sadia Ajmal, Faisal Hafeez, Muhammad Ilyas Khokhar, Muhammad Umer Farooq, Majid Nadeem, Muhammad Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Role of AI and Big Data for Managing Plant Stress in Smart Agriculture
Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data have greatly transformed plant stress management practices in smart agriculture. Conventional stress management approaches have many limitations regarding precision, efficiency, and scalability, which are being resolved using modern digital technologies. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning are advanced AI techniques that can easily analyze diverse data from images, sensors, and multi-omics. These assist in early stress identification, classification, and prediction of future risks associated with stress. ML models (both supervised and unsupervised) have the ability to accurately classify the stress types. Computer vision technology is widely used in agriculture and helps in conducting timely decisions by detecting morphological and spectral alterations in plants. Big data facilitates unraveling complex mechanisms underlying plant stress through integrative multi-omics. Various AI-driven predictive models have also been applied in forecasting insect pests and disease outbreaks. Furthermore, AI and big data are revolutionizing agriculture through precision fertilization and irrigation, robotic spraying technology and AI-integrated farm management information systems. Thus, AI and big data have significantly advanced conventional methods in plant stress management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Warda Ghaffar, Qalb e Abbas Qaseem, Ghulam Mustafa, Muhammad Sarwar Khan, Rimsha Riaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Grain Iron Bioavailability in Bread Wheat Through Integrated Nitrogen and Iron Fertilization
Low nutritional quality of staple foods, including wheat, is the main culprit of iron deficiency in more than half of the world's population. Modern breeding techniques have improved the yield potential of staple food crops, especially wheat, but the nutritional enhancement was overlooked and resulted in cultivars deficient in iron and higher in phytates. The remedy for this problem is iron bio-fortification of high-yielding cultivars. To achieve this target, forty-four genotypes, including varieties and hybrids, were grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the field area of University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. A combination of nitrogen (50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) and iron (2% and 4%) fertilizers was tested to identify the best fertilizer combination for improving grain iron contents. Nitrogen was applied in two splits, while iron was foliar applied at milking stage. Higher nitrogen and iron doses increased grain iron contents considerably up to 89.1 µg g-1. But the bioavailability of grain iron was highest (PA/Fe=0.11) in higher nitrogen and low iron levels due to the lowest phytate contents (0.16 mg g-1) in this combination. While moderate nitrogen and low iron increased grain yield (29.9g plant-1) more than any other combination of these two fertilizers. The highest nitrogen dose coupled with low iron concentration proved best for improving grain iron contents and their availability (0.11) without harming grain yield (19 g plant-1). Some genotypes, including C6 and C14, performed better than all other accessions and can be further evaluated for any genetic potential to improve grain iron and its bioavailability. The study concluded that grain iron and its availability for human digestion can be improved not only by conventional breeding efforts and biotechnology but also ergonomically by manipulating the fertilizer doses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abia Younas, Muhammad Farooq, Sundas Waqar, Iqra Ghafoor, Mehwish Makhdoom, Asma Parveen, Muhammad Kashif, Muhammad Uzair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Computational Insights into Lateral Organ Boundary Domain (LBD) Transcription Factors in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Reveal Their Roles in Defense Under Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop, cultivated worldwide due to its high nutritional importance and domestic demand. Due to low genetic diversity, its productivity is limited by both biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite its importance, the study of transcription factors underlying different stresses remains unstudied. In this study, whole-genome analysis of LBD transcription factor in C. arietinum revealed 48 putative CaLBDs genes, distributed across all 8 chromosomes. Comparative phylogeny with Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana classified LBD transcription factors into 5 groups (I-a, I-b, I-c, I-d, and II-a), based on sequence homology and conserved domains. Variation in intron/exon count across CaLBD genes indicated structural diversity, while conserved motifs suggested functional roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses due to their characteristic LBD domain. Synteny analysis uncovered the evolutionary relationships of C. arietinum with A. thaliana and Medicago truncatula. Gene duplication analysis demonstrated both tandem and segmental duplications expressing their roles in LBD gene family expansion. Transcriptomic profiling of CaLBD genes under Phytophthora root rot treatment revealed strong upregulation of CaLBD38 and CaLBD46. Under Fusarium wilt stress, CaLBD46 was highly expressed, followed by CaLBD14 and CaLBD38. Under the salt and drought stress conditions, CaLBD38 and CaLBD46 expressed the strongest upregulation. This genome-wide study provides a foundation and valuable resources for future genetic studies and serves as a base for development of stress-resilient cultivars with enhanced resistance through advanced molecular breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mubashir Sharif, Maria Riaz, Shafqat Ali, Aqsa Junaid, Abdullah Bin Talat, Qasim Abbas, Zaheer Ahmad, Muhammad Annas Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analysis of ERF (Ethylene Response Factor) Gene Family in Beta vulgaris under Salt Stress
The ERF (ethylene response factor) gene family constitutes one of the most significant families of transcription factors present in plants. These factors play a pivotal role in regulating various biological and physiological responses, including development, plant growth, and biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to explore the characteristics of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), a series of analyses were employed. These included genome-wide identification, gene structure, phylogenetic, and promoter analysis of the ERFs. The objective of these analyses was to predict the potential functions of the ERFs. Among the 73 genes examined, 67 were identified as non-redundant, and the chromosomal distribution pattern revealed that all genes were mapped across nine different chromosomes. A subsequent analysis of conserved motifs identified ten distinct motifs, with BvERF07 and BvERF51 demonstrating the least motif complexity. A subsequent analysis, employing a phylogenetic approach and comparing the genes with those of A. thaliana, resulted in the delineation of nine distinct clades. This finding indicates not only functional conservation but also divergence over time. A thorough examination of the promoter sequence revealed the presence of a multitude of cis-regulatory elements, which have been associated with stress and hormonal responses. Synteny and gene duplication analyses further supported the evolutionary conservation of the ERF gene family. Transcriptomic profiling under salt stress revealed several differentially expressed genes, notably BvERF02, BvERF50, and BvERF34, indicating their potential involvement in salinity tolerance. This study presents foundational visions into the structure, evolution, and stress-responsive roles of BvERFs, offering candidate genes for genetic improvement of salt tolerance in sugar beet.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Anas, Muhammad Luqman Aleem, Ayesha Khalid, Muhammad Qasif Naeem, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Imtiaz, Muhammad Zahid Ramzan, Mahad-ur-Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Marjan F1: A Semi-Determinate Tomato Hybrid Exhibiting High Yield Potential and Improved Resistance to Diseases
The development of locally adapted, disease-tolerant and high-yielding semi-determinate tomato hybrids is an emerging focus in agricultural research of Pakistan. These hybrids are designed to address challenges such as disease resistance, particularly against fungal and viral infections, while ensuring high productivity coupled with suitable fruit traits and adaptability to environmental conditions. In Punjab, determinate, indeterminate and semi-determinate tomatoes are cultivated, however, their production is heavily reliant on plant protection measures, making cultivation both costly and largely confined to farmers’ fields. Marjan F1, a semi-determinate tomato hybrid was developed with a fair degree of tolerance against fungal diseases, making it well-suited for open-field cultivation. Its resistance enables cultivation with reduced dependence on plant protection inputs. Additionally, Marjan F1 is highly suitable for kitchen gardening, as it can be cultivated with minimal plant protection measures, thereby allowing home gardeners to grow it organically. In yield trials, Marjan F1 demonstrated a 3.98% yield advantage over three exotic check hybrids (TO-1057 F1, T-1359 F1 and TO-6242 F1). It showed resistance to late blight, gray mold and Fusarium wilt, while maintaining moderate resistance to early blight. Overall, Marjan F1 exhibited superior disease resistance compared to two exotic checks (TO-1057 F1 and TO-6242 F1), coupled with better yield performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kashif Nadeem, Sadia Sardar, Mudassar Iqbal, Ghazanfar Hammad, Atif Ali, Ayesha Sardar, Maria Anjum, Muhammad Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Genetic Diversity for Yield Improvement in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes using Multivariate Analysis
Genetic variability can play an essential role in the pea breeding strategies to develop new varieties of peas with enhanced yield. This study evaluates 12 traits in 25 diverse genotypes of peas which include NARC and UAF genotypes. All the studied characters showed high to moderate values for both genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variance along with significant heritability and genetic advance except for number of secondary branches and plant height at first flower. For all the characters studied, values for PCV were generally greater than the GCV values. While principal component analysis studies clarified that a total of 81.41% of variation was exhibited by first four components among the genotypes having the eigenvalues higher than 1. Further, K-means cluster analysis, based on cluster biplot between PC1 and PC2, classifies the 25 cultivars into three separate clusters. Overall genotypes present in Cluster I acquired higher mean values compared to Clusters II and III. Cluster I was grouped by seven accessions and other two clusters were grouped with 9 genotypes each. Highest mean values were exhibited by yield per plant (47.74), number of pods (155.94), plant height at maturity (246.43), number of nodes (83.33) and number of effective pods (135.36) for genotypes in Cluster I. For genotypes in Cluster II, plant height at first flower (54.53), number of primary branches (11.17), and 100 seed weight (19.35) revealed maximum means. While high mean values were shown by number of secondary branches (21.23), pod length (6.88) and seed per pods (5.93) in Cluster III. Genotypes from the cluster I performed better which may contribute to the future breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shoaib, Amir Shakeel, Mudassar Iqbal, Muhammad Rizwan Shafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing Garlic Growth: Influence of Vernalization and Photoperiod on Sprouting and Biomass Accumulation
Garlic (Allium sativum) production is often constrained by poor sprouting and weak vegetative growth, which are strongly influenced by environmental cues such as temperature and day length. The present experiment was conducted during autumn 2022-23 at the Nursery, Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, to evaluate the effect of vernalization and photoperiod on the sprouting and early growth of garlic variety Desi at the green stage. The experiment followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement comprising vernalization treatments (V1 = 5 °C + 24 h, V2 = 5 °C + 48 h, V3 = 7 °C + 24 h and V4 = 7 °C + 48 h) and photoperiods (P1 = Partial shade and P2 = Sunlight). Data were recorded for sprouting percentage, days to sprouting, plant height, leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf weight, fresh biomass, and days to harvest. Vernalization and photoperiod significantly influenced most growth attributes. Cloves treated at 7 °C for 24 h or 48 h generally showed improved performance across sprouting and vegetative parameters. Specifically, 7 °C for 24 h promoted early sprouting and higher leaf weight, while 7 °C for 48 h produced longer leaves and greater fresh biomass. Plants grown under sunlight exhibited superior plant height and biomass compared to partial shade. The interaction of 7 °C treatments with sunlight yielded the most vigorous plants overall. In conclusion, short- to moderate-duration vernalization (7 °C for 24-48 h) significantly enhanced sprouting and vegetative growth of garlic, with photoperiod playing a decisive role in optimizing these responses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maira Raqeeb Tunio, Tanveer Fatima Miano, Muzafaruddin Chachar, Ghulam Fatima Tunio, Aaqib Mustafa, Ghulam Rasool Tunio, Shahmeer Khan Tunio, Memoona Islam Majeedano, Sana Shazia Jiskani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intelligent Reprogramming of Crops for Resistance Against Emerging Plant Pathogens: From Conventional Breeding to Genome Editing
Emerging plant pathogens are threat to global food security. Plant pathogens are rapidly spreading due to increasing globalization, agricultural intensification and rapidly changing climatic conditions. These emerging pathogens are rapidly adapting to overcome host resistance. Therefore, necessitating the development of sustainable disease management strategies. Breeding for resistance is an important approach for sustainable disease management. The advancement in molecular genetics, genomics, and biotechnology have revolutionized the field of breeding for resistance. Precise incorporation of resistant genes into elite cultivars has been possible due to advanced breeding techniques such as Marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and genome editing tools. However, there are still several challenges in plant breeding. The development of resistant varieties is further complicated by public perception and regulatory hurdles surrounding genetically modified crops. However, using integrated pest management such as resistant varieties along with cultural, biological and chemical control methods can enhance the durability of resistance. The development of resilient crop varieties has been possible with Advances in omics technologies, high-throughput phenotyping, and pathogen detection methods. Besides the development of resilient variety, it is essential to deliver resistant varieties to farmers. International collaboration, open-access breeding networks, and public-private partnerships play important role in delivering the resistant varieties to farmers. Resistance breeding needs to be proactive to face the challenges of emerging plant pathogens and global food security. This review highlights the factors causing spread of emerging plant pathogens, discuss modern approaches, key challenges and future direction of resistant breeding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jabir Asghar, Ameer Jan, Muhammad Hamayun, Khatir Ali, Atiq u Rehman, Mushtaq Ahmed, Izaz Ullah, Abdul Basit, Shaikh Saddam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Macronutrient Levels on Growth and Development of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a nutrient-dense leafy vegetable of global importance, valued for its health-promoting properties. However, its growth and productivity are often constrained by inadequate nutrient management practices. To address this, a study was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023 at the Nursery Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, with the objective of evaluating the response of spinach growth to varying levels of macronutrients. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Two spinach varieties, namely Sindhi spinach and English spinach, were cultivated in pots, and macronutrients were applied as treatments, including N1 = Control N2 = NPK (2g L-1) N3 = Calcium Nitrate (0.5g L-1 and N4 = NPK (2g L-1) + Calcium Nitrate (0.5g L-1). The results of the present study revealed that English spinach consistently outperformed Sindhi spinach across growth parameters, while the combined application of NPK and calcium nitrate produced the most favorable outcomes. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrated nutrient management, particularly NPK with calcium nitrate, significantly enhances spinach growth and variety performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Rasool Aamur, Tanveer Fatima Miano, Muzafaruddin Chachar, Memoona Islam Majeedano, Maira Raqeeb Tunio, Sana Shazia Jiskani, Raheem Ullah, Zaheer Ahmed Chachar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Organic Potash on Morpho-Physiological Traits, Yield, and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Cultivars under Field Conditions
A field experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture Peshawar (2018) to evaluate the effect of organic potash on the growth, yield, and quality of onion cultivars. The study followed a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement. Organic potash derived from BSCR Organic Compost (Peshawar) was applied at four levels (0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha⁻¹) two weeks before transplanting, while three onion cultivars (Swat-1, Bara Local, and Nasik Red) were tested. The potassium treatments were controlled with organic potassium being applied as sulphate of potash, but the potash was applied as organic potassium through NKS (4% N, 30% K, and 1% S) two weeks prior to transplanting. The parameters measured were leaf area per plant (cm²), number of leaves per plant, bulb diameter (cm), neck diameter (cm), bulb weight (g), firmness (kg cm⁻²), and bulb yield (t ha⁻¹). The results showed a significant positive effect of organic potash on all measured parameters. The highest plant height (63.92 cm), bulb diameter (6.47 cm), bulb weight (129.47 g), neck diameter (0.87 cm), bulb yield (23.46 t ha⁻¹), and firmness after 180 days of storage (6.3 kg cm⁻²) were observed with 120 kg ha⁻¹ of potash, demonstrating that higher doses improve onion growth and productivity. Results at 100 kg ha⁻¹ were similar, indicating this level is also effective. Among the cultivars, Swat-1 performed best, producing the tallest plants (71.57 cm), the highest number of leaves per plant (11.75), largest leaf area (1206.7 cm²), greatest bulb diameter (6.66 cm), heaviest bulbs (147.76 g), largest neck diameter (0.89 cm), highest bulb yield (23.05 t ha⁻¹), and highest total soluble solids (TSS, 12.01 °Brix). Overall, the graphical abstract highlights that the use of organic potash from a local compost source can sustainably improve onion productivity, with 100 kg ha⁻¹ as the recommended rate and cv. Swat-1 as the most suitable cultivar under Peshawar conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadeeq Akbar, Babar Ali, Muhammad Rizwan, Imran Ullah, Muhammad Masoom, Zubair Ahmed Pirzada, Muhammad Sulaiman, Masood Ahmad, Ahmad Sher (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification and Expression Profiling of the Dof Gene Family in Panicum virgatum Revealing Their Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a C4, perennial grass, with immense potential for biofuel production due to its adaptability, high biomass yield, and ecological benefits. Despite its agronomic importance, transcription factor regulation underlying stress responses in this crop remains unexplored. Therefore, we performed genome-wide analysis of Dof TF family in Panicum virgatum in which 57 non-redundant PvDof genes were identified and mapped across 17 chromosomes. Performing various bioinformatic analyses including phylogeny, motif, and gene structure, we classified these PvDofs into 7 phylogenetic groups (A-G) based on their conserved domains and sequence homology with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses demonstrated low intron counts and conserved functional motifs respectively, indicating functional conservation and potential involvement in stress signaling pathways. Promoter analysis uncovered 55 distinct cis-regulatory elements, including those associated with hormone signaling, light responsiveness and abiotic stress adaptation. Synteny analysis revealed more than 50 orthologous gene pairs between P. virgatum and A. thaliana, while 50 duplicated segments were identified in PvDof genes during collinearity analysis. Expression profiling under cadmium chloride exposure showed that PvDof06, PvDof32, PvDof38, and PvDof57 were strongly upregulated, whereas most other members were downregulated. Under phosphorus deficiency, PvDof32, PvDof38, and PvDof57 were induced in shoots, while PvDof05, PvDof06, and PvDof57 were highly expressed in roots, revealing tissue-specific regulation. These findings established a foundational framework for regulatory roles of Dof transcription factors in switchgrass and offer promising targets for genetic improvements of stress resilience in switchgrass through molecular breeding.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mubashir Sharif, Muhammad Annas Shahid, Muzammal Majeed, Syeda Sahar Fatima, Saad Kamran, Rida Naseem, Mahad-Ur-Rehman, Ikhlas Shafique (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Roots to Grains: Translocation of Heavy Metals and Associated Health Risks in Maize Grown in Dir-Kohistan, Pakistan
Contamination of crops with heavy metals (HMs) is the most alarming environmental issue in today’s world. The accumulation and consumption of HMs through the food chain and other ways can lead to serious health problems. In this context, the present study investigates the translocation of HMs, as well as the health risk assessment using maize plants (Zea mays L.) as a model crop. The quantity of HMs in different parts of the maize plants was measured by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and human health risk assessment was calculated for consumption of edible parts of the maize plants. The data indicated variable translocation of HMs from roots to grains in the selected model crop. The majority of HMs data determined dominancy in term of translocation from stem to leaves instead of other parts translocation factors. The distribution pattern of HMs transformation modelling from highest to lowest values in root to stem (Zn > Co > Cd > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cu > Mn), stem to leaves (Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Co > Zn > Cd > Ni) and stem to grains (Zn > Mn > Co > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > Pb) were recorded. Likewise, most of the heavy metals were found higher in roots as compared to other parts of the maize plant. In human health risk assessment, the estimated daily intake (EDI) indicated toxicity for Cd as its value was found higher than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) while rest of the elements were found in the safe limit of daily intakes. Moreover, the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) calculation of heavy metals in maize grains determined potential risks to the exposed inhabitants of the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shafiullah, Seema Anjum Khattak, Mohammad Tahir Shah, Liaqat Ali, Shah Rukh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetics of Seed Yield Attributes and Oil Contents in Brassica rapa L.
Brassica rapa L. has become a promising crop to sustainable agricultural and industrial growth since reliance on imports goes up and biofuel is in demand. The current work dissected the variability in genetic aspects including ability, heterosis and heritability to seed yield and traits concerned with oil which provide new information in developing hybrids. Eleven high performing accessions were identified as female lines and three low yielding accessions were identified as testers and 33 F1 hybrids were produced in Line×Tester mating plan. The hybridization was controlled in 2022-23, and then the evaluation in the field was carried out in 2023-24 based on a randomized complete block design that had three replications. There was significant difference between parental lines and hybrids. Line 25052 showed high general combining ability (GCA) on average on various traits and the tester ORL1 had a positive effect in the branching, early flowering and seed productivity. Cross 25052×ORL1 was one of the best hybrids with high specific combining ability (SCA) and great level of heterosis, as it showed high levels of plant height, number of siliques, yield of seed per plant and oil content in both years of experimentation. In a similar manner, cross 25037×ORL3 and 25042×ORL3 were found to have significant SCA effects and heterotic expression, further supporting the fact of non-additive action of gene in hybrid vigor. Estimates of hereditability showed that quality-related traits (especially oil content and 100-seed weight) were largely under the influence of additive genetic effects, which ensured meritorious enhancement by means of breeding. Conversely, additive and dominance gene effects manifested in yield-related traits, thus explaining the relevance of the properties in breeding on heterosis. The results highly suggest a potential of cross 25052×ORL1 to improve yield and simultaneously enhance the quality of the oil in B. rapa. Its stability over the years of the experiments proves that it can be further developed into multi-location trials. This research, in addition to the direct implications of breeding, provides a set of breeding variances to be exploited in breeding breeds of B. rapa, which eventually result in the generation of high-yielding and high-oil content coupled with climate-tolerant crops to decrease dependence on imports and enhance the sustainability of agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Humera Razzaq, Laraib Chouhdary, Waqar Ul Hassan, Muhammad Ali Zia, Noreen Amjad, Shamsa Kanwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Basil Leaf Extract Priming on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Okra cultivation often faces challenges related to poor seed germination and early seedling growth, necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions. This study was conducted during the spring season of 2024 at the Nursery Department of Horticulture, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, to evaluate the effect of priming with basil (Ocimum basilicum) leaf extract on the seed germination and seedling growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors: okra varieties (Sabzpari and Crass) and basil leaf extract concentrations (control, tap water, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) with three replications. Data were recorded for seed germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigor index, number of leaves per plant, fresh biomass of root and shoot, root length, plant height and chlorophyll content. The results indicated that basil leaf extract significantly influenced most growth parameters. The highest seed germination (87.50%) was observed with 1% and 3% basil leaf extract, whereas the lowest (70.83%) was recorded with tap water. The Crass variety exhibited a higher germination rate (85.39%) than Sabzpari (77.08%). The germination index was significantly improved by basil leaf extract, with the highest value (0.64) recorded at 3% concentration. Similarly, the seedling vigor index was highest (1290.00) at 3% basil leaf extract, with the Crass variety performing better overall. The number of leaves per plant peaked at 3.66 with 3% basil leaf extract, showing a significant treatment effect. Root and shoot biomass were significantly influenced by basil leaf extract concentrations. The maximum fresh root biomass (0.80 g) and fresh shoot biomass (2.93 g) were observed at 3% basil leaf extract. The highest plant height (39.52 cm) was recorded at 3% basil leaf extract, whereas the lowest (28.74 cm) was observed with tap water (0% basil leaf extract). Chlorophyll content was also significantly affected, with the highest value (42.18) at 3% basil leaf extract and the lowest (30.45) in the control treatment. After going through the findings of present research, it was concluded that the okra verities treated with 3% basil leaf extract showed superior performances in seed germination and growth parameters.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeed Ahmed Chachar, Niaz Ahmed Wahocho, Muzafaruddin Chachar, Zaheer Ahmed Chachar, Memoona Islam Majeedano, Sana Shazia Jiskani, Maqsood Ahmed Wagan, Raheem Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Application of Biocompost Pressmud and Chemical Fertilizers to Enhance Biomass Production and Nutrient Accumulation of Maize
Organic amendments are known to support cost-effective plant nutrition. We assessed the response of maize (Zea mays L.) to varying levels of composted pressmud and chemical fertilizers in a thrice replicated completely randomized factorial experiments, involving different levels of recommended NPK fertilizers (160-80-80 kg ha-1), i.e., control (0%), 25%, 50%, and 100%, and composted press mud, i.e., 0 (control), 10 and 20 t ha-1. The compost was prepared in specially fabricated piles (1m × 1m × 1m), made of 6.0’ long mango sticks. The piles were filled by plastic bins (19”-12”-13”), able to accommodate 17 kg pressmud. The piles were sprayed with the solution of effective microorganisms (EM) and covered with the polythene sheets. A clayey non-saline, alkaline soil was used in this study with low organic matter, phosphorus and potassium content. Ten seeds of maize (cv. Akbar) were planted in pots filled with 10 kg soil, thinned to five, and harvested after seven weeks. Chemical fertilizers and composted press mud significantly improved maize plant traits, except root to shoot ratio, against control treatment. Increased doses increased the performance. When compared to control treatment, the increase was higher in case of using 20 over 10 t ha-1 composted press mud for maize dry biomass (shoot: 29.8 v/s 7.1%, root: 28.9 v/s 5.3%, leaf: 29.2 v/s 8.3%, total: 29.4 v/s 7.0%), leaf area (27.8 v/s 4.9%), and nutrient content (N: 22.2 v/s 11.1%, P: no change, K: 37.5 v/s 25%). Moreover, using 20 t ha-1 composted press mud was more effective than 10 t ha-1 in increasing the dry biomass (shoot: 21.3%, root: 22.5%, leaf: 19.2%, total: 20.9%), leaf area (21.8%), and nutrient content (N: 10%, P: 0%, K: 10%). Using 20 t ha-1 composted press mud with 100% chemical fertilizer recorded maximum increase when compared to the control treatment in maize dry biomass (shoot: 135.1%, root: 132.0%, leaf: 135.5%, total: 137%), leaf area (127.5%), and nutrient content (N: 89.4%, P: 56.8% and K: 82.1%). We conclude that applying 160-80-80 kg NPK with 20 t ha-1 composted pressmud enhances biomass production, leaf area and NPK content of maize.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia-ul-hassan Shah, Kazim Raza Suhag, Ghulam Murtaza Jamro, Naheed Akhter Talpur, Hassan Shah Rashdi, Inzamam Ali Jamali, Fozia Naz Memon, Inzamam-ul-Haque Khanzada (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seed Application of Gamma Radiation in Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba): Boosting Yield and Agronomic Traits through Induced Mutagenesis
Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is a drought tolerant legume crop, plays an important role in agriculture and has versatile uses in different industries. The objective of study was to investigate the effects of gamma radiation on the yield characters of the guar variety “BR-21” because conventional breeding approaches are limited in guar yield improvement due to narrow genetic diversity. For this purpose, seeds of guar variety were treated with different doses (10 to 50 kR) of gamma radiation and agronomic parameters were analyzed in field experiment. From the results it was cleared that low to moderate doses (10–20 kR) increase the yield characters such as clusters per plant, pod length, and grains per pod. Particularly, 20 kR dose proved to be the most efficient dose, greatly enhanced growth and reproductive characters without any adverse effects. Higher doses (30–40 kR), on other hand resulted physiological and genetic damage, growth inhibition, chlorosis, and yield decline. These findings conclude that 20 kR is an effective dose to increase guar yield by creating positive genetic mutations without any adverse effects. The findings from this study provide new insights for mutation breeding programs to enhance crop productivity and also fulfill the demand of guar gum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tayyaba Iqbal, Hajra Ibrahim, Muhammad Zubair, Raza Ashraf, Ayesha Sumreen, Muhammad Azhar Zia, Asma Yaqoob, Mashal Rehman, Mahreen Khalid, Madiha Mobeen Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synergistic Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Using Biochar and Chelating Agents
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an annual vegetable consumed for its pleasant and spicy flavor. Heavy metal stress adversely affects human health, ecological balance and biodiversity throughout the globe. A pot experiment was conducted using heavy metal-contaminated soils to assess the phytoextraction potential of A. esculentus. To create the biochar, we pyrolyzed rice husk, peanut shell, Asphodelus tenuifolius, and Suaeda fruticose in a locally fabricated pyrolysis machine at 500–550°C under anaerobic conditions. Our research suggested that the application of biochars and chelating agents significantly enhanced the absorption and transport of heavy metals into plant tissues as compared to untreated plants. Further, all treatments indicated that the root-to-shoot translocation factor was >1, indicating the significant improvement in metal mobilization, plant biomass production, plant height and chlorophyll contents. These findings suggested that the integration of biochar with chelating agents can serve as an effective strategy for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils via phytoextraction using A. esculentus. This research will help to develop a sustainable approach for managing agricultural and plant-based waste materials through biochar production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gul E Zahra, Firdaus e Bareen, Muhammad Farhan Khan Pasha, Saman Zahra, Sadaf Oranab, Sadaf Zahra, Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AARI-Berseem 2024: A Climate-Smart and High-Nutrition Fodder Variety for Sustainable Livestock Production
Adverse climatic conditions pose a rising threat to global food and fodder security. These challenges not only affect human populations but also livestock productivity. To address these challenges a new berseem variety “AARI Berseem-2024” has been developed by the Fodder Research Sub-Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad. This variety is an outcome of composite selection from foundational parental population developed by pooling five high-performing accessions, four local BGP-09, BGP-17, BGP-29, BGP-37 and one exotic PI 468401 during 2013-2024. It proved its value in all yield trials and outperformed the current existing Berseem varieties. It produced 3.9% higher green fodder yield in comparison to check varieties Anmol Berseem and Berseem Agati during 2021-22 and 2022-23, in National Uniform Fodder Yield Trials. Furthermore, it has 22.3% dry matter, 19.24% crude protein, 21.8% crude fiber, 2.23% crude fat and 11.5% ash, and good palatability. The new variety showed better tolerance against Root Rot, Crown Rot and Stem Rot diseases. Agronomic studies revealed that it aligns more efficiently with current agronomic practices. It was approved by Variety Evaluation Committee during 2024 for general cultivation in Punjab. This offers a sustainable solution to fodder scarcity during lean periods in winter (December-January) and in summer (May-June) and unpredicted weather. Its climate resilience and high nutritional profile promises to boost livestock productivity and support livestock farming under changing climatic conditions. Its climate resilience and high nutritional profile promises to boost livestock productivity and support livestock farming under changing climatic conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qamar Shakeel, Amna Kanwal, Zohab Asif, Asma Parveen, Muhammad Humayion, Javed Iqbal, Khalid Hussain, Asif Ali Khan, Zulfiqar Ali, Mujtaba Ali, Shakira Jameel, Shamsa Kanwal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Harnessing Multi-Scale Phenotyping for Lodging Resistant Wheat: Integrating Traditional and High-Throughput Phenotyping Approaches
Lodging in wheat is rising globally due to climate extremes, causing yield losses of up to 80% based on timing and severity. Lodging poses a major constraint to wheat production in Pakistan, especially in high-input Punjab and Sindh, with climate variability and unseasonal storms causing yield losses up to 40%. Ground-based, aerial, and satellite-based sensing techniques are vital to high-throughput phenotyping for detecting wheat lodging. Ground platforms using RGB (red, green, blue), LiDAR (light detection and ranging), and ultrasonic sensors enable precise measurement of canopy structure. UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) based imaging enhances coverage and uses RGB, multispectral, and thermal sensors to detect lodging via visual, spectral, and temperature cues, with RGB approaches exceeding 90% classification accuracy. Satellite imaging enables scalable monitoring of lodging through multispectral indices for early stress detection. Combined multi-scale sensing approaches enhance lodging detection efficiency and accuracy in wheat. Each method offers specific advantages and limitations. Field-based phenotyping is cost-effective under natural conditions but lacks scalability. Stem phenotyping provides direct insights into structural strength but is labor-intensive. Simple morphological traits like plant height and internode length indicate lodging risk but are environment sensitive. Wind tunnel testing offers controlled, repeatable evaluations but requires expensive infrastructure. Genetic and molecular screening allows precise, high-throughput selection, while nitrogen response curves link agronomic practices with lodging susceptibility. Together, these methods enhance wheat breeding for lodging resistance. This review systematically integrates and evaluates existing lodging detection approaches and technologies, drawing cross-study insights into their effectiveness and adaptability for improving wheat resilience under current and anticipated climate stresses
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Zulkiffal, Javed Ahmed, Sajid ur Rehman, Saira Mehboob, Majid Nadeem, Aneela Ahsan, Sadia Ajmal, Muhammad Hammad Tanveer, Muhammad Owais, Muhammad Makky Javaid, Razia Sultana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determination of Acid Value and Saponification Number From In Vitro Callus Cultures of Olive (Olea europaea) cv. Koroneiki
Olive (Olea europaea L.). cv. Koroneiki belongs to the family Oleaceae, which is an evergreen plant of Mediterranean origin. Commonly, this plant is the source of olive oil used for various purposes in human life. To determine the biochemical characteristics of the extracted olive oil from specific callus lines of common olive, we investigated the effects of several hormones on callus induction from field-grown plants. Mature leaves, nodal, and internodal explants were surface-sterilized and inoculated on MS medium. Plant growth regulators in varying amounts were added to MS medium (2,4-D, BAP, IBA, NAA, or TDZ) alone or in combinations, forming a total of 29 treatments for callus induction. The highest (95.45%) callus induction was obtained with 8 + 2 µM BAP + IBA after 35 days of initial culture from leaf explants, followed by 6 µM 2,4-D (75.55%) under the dark culture room conditions. Internode was unable to form callus. Off white, yellowish, fluffy, friable, proliferating calluses were obtained from leaf explants. Such highly proliferating calluses were selected as callus cell lines (CL); CL1 (2, 4-D 4 µM) and CL2 (2, 4-D 6 µM) for oil extraction and subsequent biochemical characteristics of acid value and saponification number. Results demonstrated that CL1 showed the highest acid value (1.25) and saponification number (183). This was followed by CL2, which showed acid values of 1.42 and 1.84, and saponification values of 1.84 and 1.42, respectively. The present study demonstrated an efficient callus induction protocol for subsequent determination of biochemical attributes from the extracted oil of in vitro dedifferentiated olive tissues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iqra Jamil, Muhammad Akram, Faheem Aftab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multivariate Analysis Reveals Genetic Diversity and Superior Oil Quality Traits in Advanced Mustard (Brassica juncea) Genotypes for Future Breeding
Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a vital oilseed crop in Pakistan, valued for its nutritional oil and adaptability to diverse agroclimatic zones. However, limited genetic diversity and suboptimal varieties constrain yield and oil quality, posing a challenge to meet rising demand and reduce edible oil imports. This study evaluated twelve advanced mustard genotypes at the Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur, using a randomized complete block design with three replications to explore agronomic performance and oil quality traits. Key parameters including days to flowering and maturity, plant height, branching, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, oil content, and fatty acid composition were recorded. Multivariate analysis—principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis—were employed to decipher genetic diversity and trait interrelationships. The results revealed significant variation among genotypes for all traits, with PCA and cluster analysis grouping genotypes into three distinct clusters. One cluster included genotypes characterized by taller plants and higher saturated fatty acid content but lower seed weight and oil content, indicating potential biomass producers with lower oil quality. Another cluster comprised genotypes with early maturity and moderate yield traits. The third cluster stood out with higher branching, seed weight, oil content, and oleic acid levels, representing the most promising group for breeding high-yielding, oil-rich mustard varieties. Strong correlations among oil content, oleic acid, and yield traits suggest simultaneous improvement is feasible, though a trade-off with saturated fatty acids exists. The study presents the importance of exploiting genetic diversity in mustard by using multivariate tools to devise breeding strategies to develop stress resilient, high-yielding, and oil superior mustard cultivars for agricultural sustainablility and food security in the counrty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabir Hussain, Muhammad Shah Jahan Bukhari, Imran Akhtar, Muhammad Imran Akram, Saqib Saleem, Muhammad Zia Ullah Ghazali, Zeeshan Hafeez, Asad-ur-Rahman Chaudhary, Muhammad Jahangir Shah, Muhammad Ijaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0