Zoo Botanica is a multidisciplinary international platform publishing original research and critical reviews on basic and applied studies of plants and animals. We welcome quality manuscripts across all fields of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences. Zoo Botanica aims to advance the understanding of biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, conservation, sustainability and taxonomic classification.
Taxonomic study on the subfamily Oedipodinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from district Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Oedipodinae is the most species-rich and globally distributed subfamily of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, with 63 known species in Pakistan. Members of this subfamily are of significant economic importance, as they are pests of both pasture lands and cultivated crops. In this study, we report 10 species including five subspecies under eight genera of the subfamily Oedipodinae, including Locusta Linnaeus, 1758, Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884, Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884, Scintharista Saussure, 1884, Heteropternis Stål, 1873, Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852, Helioscirtus Saussure, 1884, and Acrotylus Fieber, 1853, from district Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The digital photographs, diagnosis, and regional distribution data of these known species from Pakistan are presented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naeem Ashraf, Mishkat Ullah, Muhammad Abbas, Waheed Ali Panhwar, Muhammad Asghar Hassan, Abdul Matin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A comprehensive review on consumption of Bushmeat in humans and effects on wildlife
The term “Bushmeat” means harvesting the meat of wild animals or game animals for the purpose of consumption and meeting the dietary requirements of local inhabitants of the African continent. Harvesting of wild animal meat is done not only for the purpose of consumption but also for ensuring Food security, Income and for the Trading. “Bushmeat” is a fundamental wellspring of protein in numerous provincial regions and diminished accessibility can have negative effects on well-being just as nourishment impacts. Guaranteeing the maintainability of bushmeat utilization is significant for both biodiversity protection and destitution mitigation in tropical creating nations, yet we think minimal about the job of chasing and bushmeat utilization in the everyday lives of provincial networks. In Africa, over hunting of tropical untamed life for sustenance stays an obstinate subject. Givers and governments stay resolved to spend in endeavors to both ration and permit the feasible utilization of untamed life. Four head obstructions should be survived. People groups are not propelled to save natural life-long haul since they have no formal rights to profit by untamed life, or to avoid others from taking it on their property. Multi species harvests, run of the mill of bushmeat chasing situation, place enormous bodied species in danger of elimination. Natural life generation can't extend, similarly that animals cultivating can, to meet the normal development in buyer request. Untamed life living space is lost through change to horticulture, lodging, transportation systems and extractive enterprises. In this review, we look at the on-screen characters associated with the utilization of natural life as nourishment and contend the potential arrangements required to address urban and rustic bushmeat utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shah Zain, Asia Latif, Um-E-Laila Naqvi, Aqsa Saboor Khan, Usama Ashraf, Wisha Ahmad, Hameeza Mushtaq, Umer Abdul Rehman, Uffa Maryam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Field based assessment of insect pest dynamics in Egyptian clover crop within a rice-wheat cropping system
Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) is an important forage crop in the rice–wheat cropping system but is vulnerable to diverse insect pests. A field-based assessment was carried out during February-March 2025 to investigate insect pest dynamics and their natural enemies under field conditions. Systematic sampling revealed that thrips were the dominant pest, total counts during 50 sweeps (mean per sweep: 7.20 to 185.72 to 14.52) increased from 360 individuals on 22.02.2025 to a high level of 9286 individuals on 25.02.2025 before falling to 726 individuals by 03.03.2025. Aphids were the second most significant pest with a maximum of 6.80 individuals (over 50 sweeps) on February 28, 2025 (mean per sweep: 0.136), followed by a rapid decline and complete disappearance by early March. Other pest groups, including grasshoppers, field crickets, houseflies, leafhoppers, butterflies, and bluemilk weed beetles, appeared sporadically and never exceeded 5.60 individuals. Insects like rove beetles and spiders had also been recorded to be beneficial in the sampling period with a maximum of 11.60 and 5.20 individuals recorded, respectively; this was not enough to control the severity of thrips and aphid infestation. Overall, the experiment shows that thrips pressure is much stronger in the Egyptian clover as compared to aphids, and the natural enemies do not have a significant effect. It is important to note that there is need to monitor time promptly and adopt integrated pest management control approaches to reduce yield losses that may be realized in clover planting in the rice-wheat system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arshed Makhdoom Sabir, Bilal Atta, Muhammad Dildar Gogi, Muhammad Asif Farooq, Muhammad Ahsin Ayub, Muhammad Usman Saleem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biochemical variations among native apple (Malus domestica) varieties; Saspolo, Kachura Ambari and exotic varieties from Skardu Baltistan, Pakistan
The present study investigates the biochemical composition and antioxidant activity of indigenous and exotic apple varieties (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in the Baltistan region of Pakistan. Two local varieties, Saspolo and Kachura Ambari, along with two exotic varieties, Five Star and Golden Delicious, were analyzed for primary and secondary metabolites, including proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Quantitative analysis revealed significant differences (P < 0.001) in total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) among the studied varieties. The highest TPC was recorded in the peel of Saspolo apple (41.59 ± 0.11 mg GAE/100 g), while the flesh of Five Star showed the highest TPC (43.71 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100 g). Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, demonstrated maximum activity in Saspolo variety (82.42% ± SD) at the tested concentration (100 µg/mL). The results indicated substantial biochemical diversity among apple varieties from Baltistan, with native cultivars exhibiting superior antioxidant potential, particularly in the peel. These findings highlight the nutritional and functional importance of native apple germplasm adapted to high-altitude agro-climatic conditions in mountain areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samreen Fatima, Ishtiaq Hussain, Saiqa Ishtiaq, Shazia Kousar, Muhammad Muneeb, Muhammad Khalid Saeed, Konain Zahra Maqbool, Tajgul Tajgul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparison of ethanologenic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Metschnikowia cibodasensis employing watermelon pulp hydrolysate
The agricultural sector in Pakistan, which is a major contributor to its economy, produces massive biomass waste such as watermelon leftovers. This paper discusses how watermelon pulp can be used as feedstock in bioethanol production and how this is a viable solution to the energy requirements of Pakistan as well as solving the problem of waste management. Fermentable sugars are found in abandoned watermelons, which can be used as a source of bioethanol. In this study, the objective was to hydrolyze the watermelon pulp Bacillus cereus FA3 using optimum conditions and ferment the resulting saccharified monomers into ethanol, utilizing yeasts; Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34 strain and Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7 strain. To optimize the experimental conditions for hydrolysis and fermentation, Plackett-Burman and central composite designs (CCD) were developed. Under the optimized conditions of the Plackett-Burman model, i.e., 37°C, pH 4, 50:55mL buffer to pulp ratio, 0.63 IU enzyme dosage, 5 days hydrolysis period, maximum reducing sugars of 45.13±0.01 and total sugars of 82.64±0.06 g/L was achieved. Under the optimized conditions viz. 75:25% hydrolysate: synthetic media, 5% (v/v) of yeast inocula, 25 °C, 15 days, the maximum ethanol yield and content with yeast Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34 strain was recorded as 0.43 ± 0.007g/g and 13.6 ± 0.008g/L whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 0.41 ± 0.004g/g and 12.2 ± 0.001g/L ethanol respectively. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the optimized fermentation process and the promising potential of watermelon pulp valorization for sustainable ethanol production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Chaudhary, Afifa Syeda, Ayesha Aihetasham, Pakeeza Fatima, Amina Asghar, Sher Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Temporal progress of sheath blight and yield of herbicide-resistant irrigated rice genotypes in Southern Tocantins, Brazil
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop of global importance, but its productivity is often constrained by diseases and weeds, which lead to significant reductions in rice yield and quality. The technology of Clearfield enables the effective use of imidazolinone herbicides in rice with a resistant genotype. Nonetheless, besides the presence of weeds, diseases like the sheath blight, which is caused by the Rhizoctonia solani, are another limitation to irrigated rice farming. Clearfield genotypes have not been extensively studied for their resistance to sheath blight, and this disease has been on the rise in recent years, especially in the State of Tocantins, Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of herbicide-resistant genotypes of irrigated rice to sheath blight at floodplain conditions in southern Tocantins. This was tested in 2019/20 and 2020/21 with a randomized block design (4 replications) in naturally infested commercial fields where sheath blight has previously occurred. The treatments consisted of advanced breeding lines and commercial cultivars. The temporal dynamics of sheath blight in the two years were best represented by the monomolecular model. Genotypes AB191132-RH and AB191122-RH exhibited the lowest disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values without compromising yield, indicating partial resistance to sheath blight. Disease severity and yield loss were also minimized by the preventive use of fungicides. These results indicate that resistant Clearfield(r) rice genotypes and fungicide management are promising methods of sheath blight control in irrigated rice systems as integrated approaches
David Ingsson Oliveira Andrade de Farias
Copyright (c) 2025 David Ingsson Oliveira Andrade de Farias, Anila Kanwal, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Rizwan, Dalmarcia de Souza C. Mourão, Luis O. Viteri, Manuel A. Gonzales, Paulo R. S. Fernandes, Osmany Manuel Herrera Armijos, Vitória B. Silva, Ildon R. do Nascimento, Cristiano B. de Moraes, Vânia Thais S. Gomes, Marcos G. da Silva, Gil R. dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrative effect of sowing dates and row spacing on growth and yield aspects of soybean
Temporal planting windows and plants spatial arrangements strongly modulates soybean development and productivity. A two-year field experiment was performed at the Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, using soybean variety “AARI Soybean” under an RCBD spilt-plot design to examine the responses of two sowing date (15 July and 30 July) and three row spacing (30,45, and 50cm). The results showed that early sowing date (15th July) significantly improved plant height, number of pods per plant, seed per pod, 100-seed weight, and grain yield over late sowing, which expose plants to heat stress and reduced reproductive efficiency. Among row spacing, wider spacing (45-50 cm) consistently produced higher plant height, more pods per plant, better seed set, with a greater seed weight and superior grain yield due to improved light penetration reduced competition, and in hands canopy microclimate. The current study concluded that early sowing date with higher row spaces is the best option to get higher soybean yield. This research can enhance soybean adaptability under different climatic conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Zafar, Muhammad Arif, Rabia Saif, Aeysha Wishal, Nawal Zafar, Mahmood Iqbal, Fahid Ihsan, Memoona Shahzadi, Ahmad Raza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of genetic variability and heritability of vegetative, floral and fruit traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Genetic diversity is crucial for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) improvement. To assess this variability, a field experiment was conducted using eleven tomato varieties arranged in randomized complete block design with five replications. This study was designed to estimate genetic parameters for 19 vegetative and reproductive traits. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes for the majority of the traits, confirming the presence of substantial genetic diversity. The estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) were highest for pulp weight and leaf rachis length, indicating a strong inherent genetic potential for selection. Fruit length recorded the highest genotypic (85.88) and phenotypic (104.44) variances. Heritability estimates were high for most traits crucial for yield, with the maximum value observed for fruit length (0.82). The combination of a pronounced level of heritability and substantial expected genetic advance for these traits appears to suggest that their expression is primarily controlled by gene action. Therefore, future breeding programs should prioritize direct selection for characters such as fruit length, pulp weight, and leaf architecture to achieve rapid genetic gain and enhance tomato yield productivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Iqbal, Riaz Hussain, Atyab Amjad, Ayesha Manzoor, Ahsan Hammad, Ibrar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FH-492: An early-maturing, climate-resilient cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety with tolerance to cotton leaf curl disease
Cotton productivity is threatened by climate change driven heat extremes, unpredictable rainfall, Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) and insect pests. The limited availability of climate resilient cotton cultivars is a primary concern among farmers in Pakistan. To address this bottlenecks, a new climate smart, high yielding, early maturing Bt. cotton variety “FH-492” tolerant to Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) developed at the Cotton Research Station, AARI, Faisalabad through hybridization of FH-113 (Bt, bollworm resistant) and FH-1200 (Non-Bt., heat tolerant). The F₂ to F₆ generations were advanced through pedigree selection (2011–2016) and subsequently evaluated in Preliminary Yield Trials (PYT), Advanced Yield Trials (AYT), Provincial Coordinated Cotton Trials (PCCT), and multi-location National Coordinated Varietal Trials (NCVT) from 2017 to 2021. FH-492 proved superior performance and produced 19.2% and 15.1% higher seed cotton yield than the check variety CIM-602 during 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively, in the National Coordinated Varietal Trial (NCVT). Fiber quality assessed by standardized High Volume Instrument (HVI) demonstrated industry compatible and thermally stable fiber profiles with mean values of a staple length (29.80 mm), ginning out-turn (42%), micronaire (4.5 µginch⁻¹), fiber strength (31 gtex⁻¹) and a uniformity index (88%). Punjab Seed Council (PSC) finally approved the variety for general cultivation in 2021. Morphologically, FH-492 Plants are medium compact (160–180 cm), cluster boll habit, 50–70 bolls per plant, maturing in 150–160 days with a seed cotton yield potential of 5500 kg/acre. Thus, FH-492 offers a sustainable solution for cotton production under changing climatic conditions and meets the needs of farmers and the cotton industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Sarwar, Jehanzeb Farooq, Asma Parveen, Abia Younas, Abid Mehmood, Amjad Farooq, Hafiz Ghazanfar Abbas, Shahid Munir Chohan, Muhammad Rizwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Invasion and distribution range expansion of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
The Fall Armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), a polyphagous pest, is rapidly expanding its distribution range and has invaded all areas of northern Pakistan. The current study was carried out to confirm the presence of FAW in the state of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K). For this survey, three maize fields were selected from each district of administratively three divisions of AJ&K. This selection was based on surveying the FAW distribution and infestation and farmer reports on alarming maize yield losses due to large scale attack of FAW. Data on FAW infestation and invasion were collected from the extension wing, Department of Agriculture, AJ&K, and by fortnightly visits of selected localities. The overall results show the uniform distribution of FAW throughout the study area with very rapid dissemination to other areas and expansion of host range was also observed. This is the first study in Kashmir to report the occurrence of FAW in Kashmir. This study will be helpful for pest forecasting of FAW and planning management strategies to protect this important crop from the yield losses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iraj Yaseen, Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Awais Aslam, Sohaib Ali Basharat, Mujtaba Ahmed Salik; Ali Hassan; Muhammad Saqlain Shad, Rimsha Saleem; Naila Nazir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decoding synpolydactyly the genetic landscape of hoxd13 and the hox gene family" A comprehensive review"
Congenital limb malformations are among the most prevalent developmental abnormalities, occurring in approximately one in every 500 live births. These defects are frequently linked to genetic disruptions within the HOX gene family, which plays a pivotal role in embryonic limb patterning. This review comprehensively examines the genetic and molecular basis of synpolydactyly (SPD) a hereditary limb deformity characterized by fusion and duplication of digits focusing on the HOXD13 gene and its association with other HOX genes. Mutations in HOXD13, including polyalanine tract expansions, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations, have been identified as major contributors to SPD and related limb malformations. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HOXD13 and other HOX genes (HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXB1, and HOXB13) underlies a spectrum of genetic syndromes affecting limb and organ development. The review highlights the genotype–phenotype correlations, molecular mechanisms of HOXD13 mutations, and their broader implications in developmental and pathological contexts, including genitourinary and oncogenic disorders. Understanding the complex regulation of HOXD13 and its paralogues provide critical insight into congenital limb anomalies and offers a framework for genetic counseling, diagnosis, and potential therapeutic strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Khan, Murad Ali Rahat, Muhammad Israr, Asadullah Asadullah, Fazal Akbar, Ishaq Khan, Sami Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The critical functions of plant secondary metabolites in mediating insect host selection and defence strategies: a comprehensive review
Plants produce secondary metabolites (SMs), which are bioactive compounds produced as an adaptive defence against herbivorous insect attacks. These compounds include alkaloids, terpenes, phenolics, and glucosinolates, which deter insects’ feeding, disrupt their digestive systems, and kill them. Insects have olfactory and gustatory receptors, which help them select or reject the plant hosts. Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) can either cause direct toxicity by acting as toxins for the insects or cause indirect toxicity by attracting parasitoids of pests. Plants use complex biosynthetic 3 pathways such as the shikimic acid pathway for phenolic and flavonoids, the Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate pathway for terpenoids, and the acetate-malonate pathways for polyketide synthesis. These pathways are specifically regulated, upon tissue damage or stress, by plant hormones such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Alkaloids such as nicotine and caffeine interfere with the insects’ nervous system, causing death. Azadirachtin, a terpenoid from neem, disrupts moulting and reproduction in insects, while tannins and flavonoids inhibit the digestive enzymes of insects. Although these compounds are plants’ natural defence, many insects of the families Nocutidae, Lepidoptera, Aphididae, Danainae, and Chrysomelidae have evolved certain molecular mechanisms, such as cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase-based oxidation, sequestration, target insensitivity, and microbial symbiont-mediated detoxification, to protect themselves against SMs. This review discusses the biosynthesis of different plant SMs, their direct or indirect toxicity, and insects’ adaptations against these SMs, and Implications of SMs in modern research to explore their role as biopesticides.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mayozadi Ainan Saleem, Hassan Anjam, Soban Tahseen, Sundas Sharif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morpho-physiological and fiber quality evaluation of cotton genotypes under normal sowing condition
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a key fiber crop with significant economic importance, yet Pakistan has recently experienced declining production and yield. There is a need to evaluate cotton germplasm with enhanced yield and quality traits. For this purpose, 79 cotton genotypes were sown at the Cotton Research Station, Vehari under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to assess morphological, physiological, and fiber quality traits, including plant height, bolls per plant, sympodial branches, boll weight, ginning outturn, seed cotton yield, cell membrane thermostability, pollen viability, fiber length, fiber strength, and fineness. Significant phenotypic variation was observed among genotypes for most traits. Correlation and principal component analysis revealed strong positive associations among yield-related and physiological traits, while fiber quality traits clustered separately. Heat map and mean value analyses identified superior genotypes, with G5, G24, G32, G44, G46, G52, and G60 exhibiting the highest fiber strength and promising performance for seed cotton yield, pollen viability, and cell membrane thermostability. These genotypes constitute an important gene pool for breeding programs focused on improving yield, fiber quality, and heat stress tolerance in cotton. The study provides a foundation for selecting superior parents for future cotton improvement under normal and stress-prone environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tanees Chaudhary, Muhammad Jamil, Ghulam Sarwar, Shoaib Liaqat, Sabah Merrium, Muhammad Tehseen Azhar, Zeenat Javeed, Kamran Javed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative assessment of avian diversity in Gilgit city using acoustic monitoring (BirdNET) and conventional point count surveys
The process of urbanization tends to streamline bird communities, favouring generalist species. The present acoustic survey is the first of its kind in Gilgit City (Pakistan), aiming to describe the urban bird community using BirdNET (a deep-learning sound identification tool) alongside the parallel point count method. We deployed a portable recorder at 32 selected points across urban, suburban, peri-urban, and riverine environments over ten months (winter, spring, and summer). We processed the recordings using BirdNET, while point-count surveys were subjectively verified. BirdNET identified 47 species, while point counts recorded 45. Both approaches revealed a rich but biased assemblage: a few ubiquitous generalists dominated (e.g., House Sparrow, Streaked Laughing Thrush, Rose-ringed Parakeet), whereas many species were detected only once. Species diversity was moderate overall but declined from peri-urban areas (highest richness: ~31 species) to the urban core (highest richness: ~19 species). Richness peaked seasonally, with winter migrants (e.g., White Wagtail) increasing diversity, and post-breeding flocks causing surges in late summer. Our results corroborate existing evidence that BirdNET-based acoustic monitoring can effectively complement traditional field surveys, while demonstrating its applicability in the high-altitude urban and riverine landscapes of Gilgit City, particularly for detecting nocturnal or cryptic species (e.g., owls, night jars, etc.). These findings align with global evidence of urban avifaunal homogenization and highlight the role of peri-urban green spaces as key biodiversity reservoirs. The current effort is the preliminary comparative quantitative analysis of urban avifauna of Gilgit city and sets crucial data to be used in urban conservation planning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mufeed Hussain, Saeed Abbas, Nasir Mehdi, Atif Hussain, Rahila Tabassum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sugarcane-raya intercropping: A promising option to sustain yield and enhance farm profitability
Sugarcane is a long-duration and slow-growing crop, which permits the opportunity to cultivate a short-duration crop in the same field during the same season. In this regard, intercropping of a mustard species “Super raya” can be the best option to enhance economic returns and improve overall land productivity. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting times of sugarcane and planting geometries of raya at Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Experimental treatments were composed of two planting times of sugarcane (PD1=September 10, 2023, and PD2=October 10, 2023) and planting geometries of raya (S-1R=single row raya, S-2R=double row raya, and S-3R=triple row raya) intercropped within sugarcane. Sole sugarcane (S-Cn) and sole raya (R-3R) were also included as control treatments. Results of the current study showed that sole raya and sole sugarcane crops showed the maximum yields of 142.6 tons ha-1 (PD1) and 1.8 tons ha-1, respectively, as compared to other tested arrangements. Double row planting geometry of raya within September sugarcane also exhibited greater yield of 134.6 tons’ ha-1 and 1.53 tons ha-1 for sugarcane and raya, respectively. This double row plant geometry within September-sown sugarcane also showed a higher benefit-cost ratio (32.4%) and land equivalent ratio (2.27%) attributed to a lower yield reduction ratio (0.6), greater yield stability index (0.94), and land equivalent ratio (1.80) under this treatment. In conclusion, double-row planting of raya within September-sown sugarcane can be recommended as a profitable agronomic practice for increasing land use efficiency and farm income in arid agro-climatic regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taj Muhammad, Tauqeer Qadir, Muhammad Asif Jamal, Diyan Haider, Ijaz Hussain, Saeed Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the environment-friendly approaches for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system
Wheat is the staple food of Pakistan and plays an important role in national food security. Changing climatic conditions, receding land availability due to increasing population, deficit in irrigation water availability during wheat season, and increasing cost of inputs are among the factors that are constraints on sustainable wheat production. Under these conditions, conventional wheat production system may no longer ensure food security and profitability. The Cotton-wheat system is the most important cropping system and the prime source of food supply in Pakistan. A field trial was conducted at Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad using strip plot design for evaluation of environment friendly and economically feasible approaches for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system. Three sowing methods viz bed planting, ridge planting (broadcast augmented with furrow) and flat planting were tested under three tillage levels: zero tillage (relay wheat sowing), conventional tillage and minimum tillage. Results revealed that zero tillage (relay wheat sowing) performed the best out of all tillage options keeping in view the yield and economic returns. It was also the best option for CO2 emission reduction due to the elimination of fuel consumption (for land preparation and sowing). Sowing methods showed variable response for yield as flat sowing and bed planting performed better than ridge planting in relay crop, but ridge planting was on top in both conventional and minimum tillage. It was concluded that relay planting under bed and flat sowing was the best environment-friendly and economically viable approach for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafiz Naveed Ramzan, Naveed Akhtar, Muhammad Kashif Munir, Fahid Ihsan, Muhammad Kashif Hanif, Rabia Nadeem, Maham Sajid, Muhammad Faisal Shafiq, Nouman Ali, Hafiz Muhammad Ijaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
First report and morpho-meristic characterization of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch,1794) from the river Kabul at its Pakistani gateway: shelman valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
This study is the first comprehensive Morpho-meristic study of Heteropneustes fossilis from two distinct locations along the length of river Kabul; Shalman valley and Michini. For this purpose, a total of 20 fish specimens were collected from April to July 2025. Various fishing equipment were employed for catching the fish. The collected fish specimens were identified their meristic characters and morphometric measurements were recorded and finally preserved in ethanol. Fin rays were observed using a magnifying glass and stereo microscope. Body weight (BW) and morphometric measurements were recorded with a digital balance and caliper, with an accuracy of 0.01 g and 0.01 cm, respectively. The specimens showed a moderate variation in total length (15.0-18.2 cm) and body weight (37.3-42.0 g). Statistical analysis of the observed characters, including assessment of length-weight relationships (LWRs) and length-length relationships (LLRs) were done utilizing the software Prism. The fin formula observed for H. fossilis was: D. 5-7, P. 1/6-7, V. 6, A. 64-69, C. 18-22. LWRs between BW and most length parameters were significant (p < 0.001; r² = 0.94), except for Post dorsal length (p > 0.05). The growth pattern exhibited a negative allometric growth (b < 3) potentially due to restricted food supply, environmental stress and reproductive activity. LLRs were statistically significant (p < 0.001; r² = 0.98). These findings report the species for the first time from Shalman valley and provide key baseline data for species identification, which might be helpful in the conservation of H. fossilis within the River Kabul ecosystem
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Adnan, Saeed anwar, Muhammad Ishtiyaq, Tanzeela, Sanaullah khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic variability and heritability for yield and associated traits of synthetically derived wheat population under normal and late planting condition
A set of five synthetic wheat lines were crossed with four well-adapted cultivars using a 5 × 4 Line × Tester scheme, during the Rabi 2021-22, resulting in the development of 20 F1 hybrids. These F1 hybrids along with their parental genotypes were evaluated in the Rabi 2022-23 at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, to examine genetic variability, heritability estimates (broad- and narrow-sense) and expected selection responses for yield-related traits under two sowing conditions: normal planting (mid-November) and late planting (mid-December). Experiments were carried out in randomized complete design (RCBD) replicated three times. Broad-sense heritability values were generally higher under normal sowing compared to late planting. Narrow-sense heritability was notably greater for spike initiation and plant height under normal planting, whereas traits such as spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield exhibited moderate narrow-sense heritability under late sowing. In contrast, traits including spike initiation, plant height, spike length and grain yield adjudged low narrow-sense heritability in the late environment. The Expected genetic gains were consistently higher in normal planting as compared to late sowing with values recorded for days to spike initiation (3.70 vs. 0.25), plant height (3.62 vs. 0.17), spikes plant-1 (1.09 vs. 0.88), grains spike-1 (1.94 vs. 1.89), 1000 grains weight (1.62 vs. 1.12), biological yield (4.67 vs. 2.82) and grain yield (1.88 vs. 0.27). The prime objective of this study was to select the best genotypes considering high broad sense heritability to proceed further for the varietal selection and use as a parent in local hybridization scheme.
Copyright (c) 2025 Durr-e-Nayab, Muhammad Khalid, Farhanullah, Sumayya Inayat, Lubna Naz, Sadia Mukhtiar, Shah Fahad, Murad Ali, Farmanullah Khan, Aamir Iqbal, Monsif Ur Rehman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of sonication-assisted cinnamon extract on the physicochemical and quality parameters of fresh-cut carrots
The market for minimally processed produce has seen significant growth due to modern lifestyles. However, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables face significant challenges related to quality loss and loss of textural properties. Bioactive coatings are a promising method to lessen these deteriorative effects. This research evaluated the effectiveness of antioxidant-enriched edible coating incorporating sonication-assisted cinnamon extract for preserving the quality of fresh-cut carrots during storage. Cinnamon’s bioactive compounds were obtained via sonication-assisted aqueous extraction. The samples were stored at refrigerated temperature, and quality analyses were performed for a twenty-one-day period. Physicochemical tests included moisture loss percentage, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, texture, color properties, and vitamin C content. Analysis indicated that coated samples demonstrated better retention of quality parameters relative to control samples. Weight loss was slower for treated samples at 20.51% as compared to untreated samples at 19.02%. These findings indicate that antioxidant infused edible coatings could be a viable strategy for prolonging the shelf life of minimally processed food products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hammad Naeem, Hafiz Usama Noor, Muhammad Hamdan Rashid, Sidra Rashid, Rabiya Zulfiqar, Bareera Shafiq, Muhammad Abrar, Sharoon Masih, Saima Parveen, Irrum Babu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative acute toxicity of eight insecticides against worker Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are vital pollinators in natural and agricultural ecosystems, yet pesticide exposure remains a primary factor contributing to their decline. The studies were conducted to figure out the acute oral and contact toxicity of eight commonly used insecticides including acetamiprid, imidacloprid, diafenthiuron, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, spinosad, methoxyfenozide, and cypermethrin to worker honeybees under controlled laboratory conditions. Bees were exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0 µg/ml concentration of each insecticide, and mortality was recorded after 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours’ exposure periods. Median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀, LC₉₀) and doses (LD₅₀, LD₉₀) were estimated using probit analysis (POLO-PC). Toxicity varied significantly among insecticides and exposure routes. After 72 hours of oral exposure, abamectin (LC₅₀ = 0.26 µg mL⁻¹) and imidacloprid (LC₅₀ = 0.27 µg mL⁻¹) were the most toxic, while chlorpyrifos exhibited the lowest toxicity (LC₅₀ = 5.77 µg mL⁻¹). In contact bioassays, abamectin also demonstrated the greatest toxicity (LD₅₀ = 0.64 µg mL⁻¹), followed by imidacloprid and spinosad, whereas; cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were found less harmful. The steeper slope values for abamectin and imidacloprid indicate uniform susceptibility among exposed bees. These results underscore substantial differences in the hazard profiles of widely used insecticides and emphasize the importance of considering both exposure routes when assessing risk. The findings offer a quantitative foundation for assessing pollinator risks and guiding pesticide regulation, thereby facilitating the selection of insecticides with reduced toxicity to bees within integrated pest management (IPM) programs
Copyright (c) 2025 Abid Farid, Moazzam Khan, Rasheed Akbar, Mohibullah, Brekhna Faheem, Naseem Rafiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological and growth response of Quinoa under changing climatic conditions: A review
The global population is increasing, while the amount of arable land is decreasing due to desertification and salinization, both of which are primarily caused by human activities, such as climate change. Global climate scenarios and food security will be fundamentally altered by increased temperatures; the entire ecosystem will be altered. This review examines the remarkable resilience of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. can provide or support ecosystem services in a sustainable approach to ameliorating impacts such as famine. In contrast to the conventional food staples, quinoa exhibits remarkable resilience to abiotic stresses and is a highly nutritious crop with a distinct nutritional profile. As such, it holds potential importance for ensuring food security and nutritional adequacy. With regard to the growing worldwide population, the consequences of climate change, desalination, phytoremediation, nutrient deficit, and poverty alleviation, this crop has the ability to improve global conditions
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Daod Khan, Sher Afghan, Alia Ijaz, Muhammad Saud Khan, Asif Mehmood, Amina Rashid, Raza Mustafa, Muhammad Usman Arshad, Muhammad Mujahid, Rizwan Abid, Muhammad Sajjad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of resistance and susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae exposed to conventional and novel insecticides
Mosquitoes belong to the order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, and family Culicidae. Culex quinquefasciatus Say is a medically significant mosquito and major pest species with a global distribution. The indiscriminate use of pesticides leads to environmental issues such as health risks, disruption of natural predators, ecosystem imbalances, and the development of resistance in insect pests. Therefore, the present study aimed to reduce the excessive use of pesticides by exploring novel alternative and chemical insecticides. The susceptibility (%) and resistance (%) of third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus to conventional chemicals (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and deltamethrin) and new chemicals (spinosad, ivermectin, and emamectin benzoate) were determined using different concentration rates (100, 125 and 150 ppm) and exposure times (24, 48, 72 h). In general, exposure time did not significantly affect the susceptibility or resistance percentages of Culex quinquefasciatus. However, changes in concentration directly influenced both susceptibility and resistance to both conventional and new chemicals. Lambda-cyhalothrin had the highest LD50 value (1.80), whereas spinosad had the lowest LD50 value (0.03). The LD90 value was highest for deltamethrin, whereas spinosad exhibited the lowest LD90 value across all treatments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abid Farid, Rasheed Akbar, Said Wahid Khan, Brekhna Faheem, Naseem Rafiq, Gul Zamin Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphology and nesting behavior of Ropalidia variegata variegata Smith 1852 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from District Mohmand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
This study was carried out in Mohmand District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) to investigate morphological identification and nest activities of a wasp species (Ropalidia variegata variegata). Wasp colonies were observed on mango tree foliage and monitored over a four-month period. Nest-building activity began at the center of the leaf and expanded along the midrib and lateral edges as the colony size increased. The numbers of nest cells, larvae, and total cells were recorded. Specimens were identified as R. variegata variegata using standard entomological keys. Distinct coloration patterns were noted on different body parts, including yellow, reddish-brown, and black hues. Morphometric measurements showed that the head measured 2.24 ± 0.2 mm in length and 1.96 ± 0.2 mm in breadth. The pronotum was rectangular, brown in color, and bordered by a distinct yellow margin. The thorax measured 3.51 ± 0.14 mm in length and 2.0 ± 0.42 mm in breadth. The second abdominal segment was bell-shaped. The legs measured 4.6 ± 0.56 mm in length and 0.1 ± 0.07 mm in width, while the wings measured 5.1 ± 0.8 mm in length.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mian Sayed Khan, Zahid Khan, Haroon Haroon, Muhammad Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On-Farm evaluation of different storage materials for the management of four stored grain insect pests on stored wheat
Four standard storage bags, namely polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), hermetic bag (HB), and jute bag (JB), were evaluated for the management of insect pests of stored grains. Efficacy parameters were recorded as percent weight losses, damaged grain percentage, and population buildup over time intervals. Already infested wheat was stored in four bag types at two locations to record the effectiveness of each bag. Results showed that damages such as percent weight loss and percent grain damage made by insects were more in polyethylene as compared to polypropylene, jute, and the hermetic bag. Populations were recorded dead only in the hermetic bag at each time interval. The hermetic bag proved lethal for stored grain insect pests’ development, and insect populations were found 100% dead in hermetic bags with no single account of a live insect over all-time intervals, viz. 30, 60, and 90 d. Grain moisture fluctuated in all bags while in a hermetic bag, grain moisture decreased and then became constant. All types of damages were recorded more at grain market in Bahawalnagar which is a hotter place than the Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku. Results indicated that the hermetic bag proved to be the best material for stored grains insect pests’ management
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rizwan, Bilal Atta, Arshed Makhdoom Sabir, Misbah Rizwan, Muhammad Tahir, Mubashar Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combined dietary effects of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes on growth performance and meat quality in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
This study investigated the effects of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes as feed additive on the growth and meat quality of Grass carp. A total of 90 Fingerlings divided into three groups i.e., control (C), 2g/kg supplement (T1), and 4g/kg supplement (T2) were reared for three months in glass aquaria. The growth performance viz., weight gain, standard length, fork length and total length was measured on fortnightly basis. Proximate composition analysis was performed at the end of the experiment to evaluate meat quality of Grass carp. The group receiving 4g/kg of the supplementation (T2) shows higher values for all growth parameters, followed by T1 and C group respectively. The proximate analysis revealed significantly better meat quality, characterized by higher crude protein (64.80±1.63) with lower crude fat, moisture and ash content (16.60±0.65, 73.50±0.61, 9.13±0.41) in T2 as compared to T1 and C group. The overall outcome revealed that the supplementary diet with addition of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes is a good source of nutrients and fiber for Grass carp that helps to improve the growth and meat quality of fish species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajra Qamar, Muhammad Zubair Anjum, Khalid Mehmood, Muhammad Qayash Khan, Sana Urooj, Bushra Mushtaq, Tayyaba Ijaz, Tamom Naz, Vaneeza Arshad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of whey protein isolate and concentrate coatings on the physicochemical and sensory quality of Labeo rohita Fillets
Edible coatings offer a sustainable solution to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of perishable foods like Labeo rohita (Rohu) fillets. Rohu is particularly susceptible to quality degradation caused by lipid oxidation, enzymatic activity, and moisture loss. This study investigated the production and application of whey protein-based films on the physicochemical and sensory quality of L. rohita (Rohu) fillets during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 15 days. Coating formulations were prepared using whey protein isolate (WPI) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) in combination with glycerol and gelatin at different ratios: WPI + Glycerol (1:1), WPI + Glycerol (1:2), WPI + Glycerol + Gelatin (1:1:1), WPC + Glycerol (1:1), and WPC + Glycerol (1:2). Coatings were applied by dipping, and fillets were analyzed for pH, weight loss, color, texture, and aroma for 15 days. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed among treatments. The WPC+Glycerol (1:2) coating demonstrated the highest preservation efficiency, maintaining pH (6.33 ± 0.25), minimizing weight loss (16.4 %), and retaining desirable texture (3.33 ± 1.15) and color (2.67 ± 1.15) scores throughout storage. In contrast, uncoated samples showed rapid spoilage with extreme hardness, darkening, and off-odor. These findings confirm that WPC-based coatings, especially at a 1:2 ratios with glycerol are benefical since they could extend the shelf life of food products by reducing respiration rates, and they outperform alternative biopolymeric packaging.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnoor Nawazish, Eisha Tahir, Momina Hanif, Jahangir Khan, Syed Waqas Hassan, Faisal Nawaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of feeding potential of different spider species under laboratory and greenhouse conditions
This study evaluates the feeding efficiency of three predatory spider species: Thyne imperialis (jumping spider), Thomisus sp. (crab spider), and Rukkidus sp. (jumping spider), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The spiders were tested for their potential to control guava mealybugs (Ferrisia virgate), a major pest in guava orchards. Experiments conducted in petri dishes and potted guava plants simulated natural habitats. Results revealed that Thomisus sp. exhibited the highest predatory potential, consuming an average of 6.0 ± 0.42 mealybugs within 24 hours, followed by Thyne imperialis (5.0 ± 0.40) and Rukkidus sp. (3.2 ± 0.31). The overall feeding efficiency of Thomisus sp. was 20–30% higher than the other two species across all exposure durations. Greenhouse trials confirmed similar predatory trends, demonstrating the adaptability and persistence of these spiders in semi-natural conditions. These findings emphasize the potential of Thomisus sp. and T. imperialis as effective biological control agents for managing guava mealybugs in both laboratory and greenhouse settings
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahjahan Rajput; Shabana Naz Mazari, Abdul Samad Soomro, Shah Nawaz Khuhro, Tufail Ahmed Wagan, Agha Mushtaque Ahmed, Fahad Nazir Khoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Husn-e- Yousuf (Laminarea saccharina); the most trending and promising natural skin care of current decade chemical characterization and antioxidant evaluation
Today in the world of competition and personal grooming the skin tone matters a lot and such products are highly acceptable that accounts for the shining of skin. In this regards, the rate of skin fairness cosmetics consumption is very high in our society. However, the high composition of chemical moieties in such products is responsible for the damage of skin layers. In such circumstances the natural and herbal products can be a better choice for preventing the skin from hazardous chemicals and for gaining natural glow. Consequently, one herb is found significantly promising during study, commonly known as Husn-e-Yousuf (Laminarea saccharina). In present study, through chemical analysis it was determined that the herb has highly beneficial chemical composition that are friendly for skin texture and tone. Beside that strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activity proved Husn-e-Yousuf a promising skin care and an excellent choice for skin care
Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran Rafiq, Fatima Qamar, Safila Naveed, Saman Usmani, Shafaque Mehboob, Shagufta Nesar, Javeria Iftikhar, Zafar Saied Saify https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic confirmation of morphological identified endangered ornamental loach Botia lohachata by mitochondrial CO-I gene, found from Kirthar mountain range Sindh, Pakistan
The Botia lohachata were collected from the Ranikot Stream for morphological and molecular characterization. B. lohachata belong to family Botiidae, commonly known as freshwater Loaches and generally as ‘tiger loach’. Currently, it is enlisted in is in IUCN Red List It is a tropical bottom dwelling loach of small to medium-sized riverine loach. The cytochrome coxidase I (CO-I) gene was used to evaluate the species. CO-I gene sequence resulted 707bp. For all the samples, the percentage of Thymine was significantly higher compared to the other nucleotides i.e., 31.54% followed by Adenine and Cytosine i.e 25.74%. While the GC contents were recorded 42.7%. In further, the molarity (1µg/µl) was recorded 2.29µM. The present findings will be helpful in the identification of the Endangered and Vulnerable Botia species. Further, it will be beneficial for future genetic population studies and developing a conservation-scheme approach for managing the fish diversity in their natural habitats.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wakeela Gul Mughal, Muhammad Younis Laghari; Punhal Khan Lashari; Zameer Palh, Ikram Hussain, Summaiya Rajput https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of genetic diversity and forage quality in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm under arid conditions
Medicago sativa L. is commonly known as alfalfa. It is a perennial legume crop of significant importance, as it is highly nutritious, and it can fix nitrogen in the soil. This study focuses on evaluating the productivity and quality of various alfalfa germplasms under growing conditions using the RCBD design. Statistical analysis such as Augmented RCBD ANOVA, LSD design, Genetic Advance percentage, Heritability percentage, and correlation analysis were performed in this experiment The key agronomic and quality parameters were recorded, such as germination %, crop stand, plant height, no. of tillers/plant, no. of tillers/meter row, and leaves/tillers. The quality traits are crude protein %, starch %, ash %, crude fiber %, moisture dry matter %, fat %, NDF %, and ADF %. In 2022, the seeds of 67 germplasms and one check Sargodha alfalfa 2011 while in 2023, the seeds of 214 germplasms and the same check Sargodha alfalfa 2011 were evaluated. During 2022, these four-germplasm lines, such as (Acc.#6477), (Acc.# 6333), (Acc.#6359), and (Acc.#6394), showed better performance in alfalfa germination percentage, while during 2023, these five-germplasm lines, such as (Acc.#6349), (PI 631584), (PI 631563), (PI 672793), and (PI 672804), showed better performance. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the genetic variability and potential breeding strategies for improving alfalfa germplasm, and these nine germplasms can be grown in Pakistan to get better production and quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahjahan Bukhari, Rashid Minhas, Rahmat Ullah, Mashal Rehman, Mahreen Khalid, Ali Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0