Zoo Botanica
type: channel
description: Zoo Botanica is a multidisciplinary international platform publishing original research and critical reviews on basic and applied studies of plants and animals. We welcome quality manuscripts across all fields of Agriculture, Life Sciences and Environmental Sciences. Zoo Botanica aims to advance the understanding of biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, conservation, sustainability and taxonomic classification.
publisher: Roots Press
language: en
publication name: Zoo Botanica
issn: 3007-2042
items: Taxonomic study on the subfamily Oedipodinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from district Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
items: A comprehensive review on consumption of Bushmeat in humans and effects on wildlife
items: Field based assessment of insect pest dynamics in Egyptian clover crop within a rice-wheat cropping system
items: Biochemical variations among native apple (Malus domestica) varieties; Saspolo, Kachura Ambari and exotic varieties from Skardu Baltistan, Pakistan
items: Comparison of ethanologenic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Metschnikowia cibodasensis employing watermelon pulp hydrolysate
items: Temporal progress of sheath blight and yield of herbicide-resistant irrigated rice genotypes in Southern Tocantins, Brazil
items: Integrative effect of sowing dates and row spacing on growth and yield aspects of soybean
items: Assessment of genetic variability and heritability of vegetative, floral and fruit traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
items: FH-492: An early-maturing, climate-resilient cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety with tolerance to cotton leaf curl disease
items: Invasion and distribution range expansion of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
items: Decoding synpolydactyly the genetic landscape of hoxd13 and the hox gene family" A comprehensive review"
items: The critical functions of plant secondary metabolites in mediating insect host selection and defence strategies: a comprehensive review
items: Morpho-physiological and fiber quality evaluation of cotton genotypes under normal sowing condition
items: Comparative assessment of avian diversity in Gilgit city using acoustic monitoring (BirdNET) and conventional point count surveys
items: Sugarcane-raya intercropping: A promising option to sustain yield and enhance farm profitability
items: Exploring the environment-friendly approaches for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system
items: First report and morpho-meristic characterization of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch,1794) from the river Kabul at its Pakistani gateway: shelman valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
items: Genetic variability and heritability for yield and associated traits of synthetically derived wheat population under normal and late planting condition
items: Effect of sonication-assisted cinnamon extract on the physicochemical and quality parameters of fresh-cut carrots
items: Comparative acute toxicity of eight insecticides against worker Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
items: Physiological and growth response of Quinoa under changing climatic conditions: A review
items: Assessment of resistance and susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae exposed to conventional and novel insecticides
items: Morphology and nesting behavior of Ropalidia variegata variegata Smith 1852 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from District Mohmand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
items: On-Farm evaluation of different storage materials for the management of four stored grain insect pests on stored wheat
items: Combined dietary effects of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes on growth performance and meat quality in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
items: Effect of whey protein isolate and concentrate coatings on the physicochemical and sensory quality of Labeo rohita Fillets
items: Evaluation of feeding potential of different spider species under laboratory and greenhouse conditions
items: Husn-e- Yousuf (Laminarea saccharina); the most trending and promising natural skin care of current decade chemical characterization and antioxidant evaluation
items: Genetic confirmation of morphological identified endangered ornamental loach Botia lohachata by mitochondrial CO-I gene, found from Kirthar mountain range Sindh, Pakistan
items: Evaluation of genetic diversity and forage quality in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm under arid conditions

Taxonomic study on the subfamily Oedipodinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from district Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
type: item
description: Oedipodinae is the most species-rich and globally distributed subfamily of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, with 63 known species in Pakistan. Members of this subfamily are of significant economic importance, as they are pests of both pasture lands and cultivated crops. In this study, we report 10 species including five subspecies under eight genera of the subfamily Oedipodinae, including Locusta Linnaeus, 1758, Pternoscirta Saussure, 1884, Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884, Scintharista Saussure, 1884, Heteropternis Stål, 1873, Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852, Helioscirtus Saussure, 1884, and Acrotylus Fieber, 1853, from district Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The digital photographs, diagnosis, and regional distribution data of these known species from Pakistan are presented.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Band-winged grasshoppers
  topic: keywords
subject: checklist
  topic: keywords
subject: migratory locust
  topic: keywords
subject: Northern areas
  topic: keywords
creator: Naeem Ashraf
creator: Mishkat Ullah
creator: Muhammad Abbas
creator: Waheed Ali Panhwar
creator: Muhammad Asghar Hassan
creator: Abdul Matin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naeem Ashraf, Mishkat Ullah, Muhammad Abbas, Waheed Ali Panhwar, Muhammad Asghar Hassan, Abdul Matin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 627
ending page: 637
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1826

A comprehensive review on consumption of Bushmeat in humans and effects on wildlife
type: item
description: The term “Bushmeat” means harvesting the meat of wild animals or game animals for the purpose of consumption and meeting the dietary requirements of local inhabitants of the African continent. Harvesting of wild animal meat is done not only for the purpose of consumption but also for ensuring Food security, Income and for the Trading. “Bushmeat” is a fundamental wellspring of protein in numerous provincial regions and diminished accessibility can have negative effects on well-being just as nourishment impacts. Guaranteeing the maintainability of bushmeat utilization is significant for both biodiversity protection and destitution mitigation in tropical creating nations, yet we think minimal about the job of chasing and bushmeat utilization in the everyday lives of provincial networks. In Africa, over hunting of tropical untamed life for sustenance stays an obstinate subject. Givers and governments stay resolved to spend in endeavors to both ration and permit the feasible utilization of untamed life. Four head obstructions should be survived. People groups are not propelled to save natural life-long haul since they have no formal rights to profit by untamed life, or to avoid others from taking it on their property. Multi species harvests, run of the mill of bushmeat chasing situation, place enormous bodied species in danger of elimination. Natural life generation can't extend, similarly that animals cultivating can, to meet the normal development in buyer request. Untamed life living space is lost through change to horticulture, lodging, transportation systems and extractive enterprises. In this review, we look at the on-screen characters associated with the utilization of natural life as nourishment and contend the potential arrangements required to address urban and rustic bushmeat utilization.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: bushmeat
  topic: keywords
subject: consumption
  topic: keywords
subject: wildlife
  topic: keywords
subject: zoonotic diseases
  topic: keywords
creator: Shah Zain
creator: Asia Latif
creator: Um-E-Laila Naqvi
creator: Aqsa Saboor Khan
creator: Usama Ashraf
creator: Wisha Ahmad
creator: Hameeza Mushtaq
creator: Umer Abdul Rehman
creator: Uffa Maryam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shah Zain, Asia Latif, Um-E-Laila Naqvi, Aqsa Saboor Khan, Usama Ashraf, Wisha Ahmad, Hameeza Mushtaq, Umer Abdul Rehman, Uffa Maryam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 691
ending page: 706
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1722

Field based assessment of insect pest dynamics in Egyptian clover crop within a rice-wheat cropping system
type: item
description: Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) is an important forage crop in the rice–wheat cropping system but is vulnerable to diverse insect pests. A field-based assessment was carried out during February-March 2025 to investigate insect pest dynamics and their natural enemies under field conditions. Systematic sampling revealed that thrips were the dominant pest, total counts during 50 sweeps (mean per sweep: 7.20 to 185.72 to 14.52) increased from 360 individuals on 22.02.2025 to a high level of 9286 individuals on 25.02.2025 before falling to 726 individuals by 03.03.2025. Aphids were the second most significant pest with a maximum of 6.80 individuals (over 50 sweeps) on February 28, 2025 (mean per sweep: 0.136), followed by a rapid decline and complete disappearance by early March. Other pest groups, including grasshoppers, field crickets, houseflies, leafhoppers, butterflies, and bluemilk weed beetles, appeared sporadically and never exceeded 5.60 individuals. Insects like rove beetles and spiders had also been recorded to be beneficial in the sampling period with a maximum of 11.60 and 5.20 individuals recorded, respectively; this was not enough to control the severity of thrips and aphid infestation. Overall, the experiment shows that thrips pressure is much stronger in the Egyptian clover as compared to aphids, and the natural enemies do not have a significant effect. It is important to note that there is need to monitor time promptly and adopt integrated pest management control approaches to reduce yield losses that may be realized in clover planting in the rice-wheat system.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Egyptian clover
  topic: keywords
subject: population fluctuation
  topic: keywords
subject: thrips
  topic: keywords
subject: aphids
  topic: keywords
subject: natural enemies
  topic: keywords
subject: rice-wheat system
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated pest management
  topic: keywords
creator: Arshed Makhdoom Sabir
creator: Bilal Atta
creator: Muhammad Dildar Gogi
creator: Muhammad Asif Farooq
creator: Muhammad Ahsin Ayub
creator: Muhammad Usman Saleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Arshed Makhdoom Sabir, Bilal Atta, Muhammad Dildar Gogi, Muhammad Asif Farooq, Muhammad Ahsin Ayub, Muhammad Usman Saleem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 661
ending page: 675
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1794

Biochemical variations among native apple (Malus domestica) varieties; Saspolo, Kachura Ambari and exotic varieties from Skardu Baltistan, Pakistan
type: item
description: The present study investigates the biochemical composition and antioxidant activity of indigenous and exotic apple varieties (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in the Baltistan region of Pakistan. Two local varieties, Saspolo and Kachura Ambari, along with two exotic varieties, Five Star and Golden Delicious, were analyzed for primary and secondary metabolites, including proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Quantitative analysis revealed significant differences (P < 0.001) in total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) among the studied varieties. The highest TPC was recorded in the peel of Saspolo apple (41.59 ± 0.11 mg GAE/100 g), while the flesh of Five Star showed the highest TPC (43.71 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100 g). Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, demonstrated maximum activity in Saspolo variety (82.42% ± SD) at the tested concentration (100 µg/mL). The results indicated substantial biochemical diversity among apple varieties from Baltistan, with native cultivars exhibiting superior antioxidant potential, particularly in the peel. These findings highlight the nutritional and functional importance of native apple germplasm adapted to high-altitude agro-climatic conditions in mountain areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Native germplasm
  topic: keywords
subject: Saspolo & Kachura apple
  topic: keywords
subject: phytochemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary metabolites
  topic: keywords
subject: apple peel
  topic: keywords
subject: high-altitude horticulture
  topic: keywords
subject: nutritional profiling
  topic: keywords
subject: Gilgit-Baltistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Samreen Fatima
creator: Ishtiaq Hussain
creator: Saiqa Ishtiaq
creator: Shazia Kousar
creator: Muhammad Muneeb
creator: Muhammad Khalid Saeed
creator: Konain Zahra Maqbool
creator: Tajgul Tajgul
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samreen Fatima, Ishtiaq Hussain, Saiqa Ishtiaq, Shazia Kousar, Muhammad Muneeb, Muhammad Khalid Saeed, Konain Zahra Maqbool, Tajgul Tajgul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 649
ending page: 660
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1736

Comparison of ethanologenic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Metschnikowia cibodasensis employing watermelon pulp hydrolysate
type: item
description: The agricultural sector in Pakistan, which is a major contributor to its economy, produces massive biomass waste such as watermelon leftovers. This paper discusses how watermelon pulp can be used as feedstock in bioethanol production and how this is a viable solution to the energy requirements of Pakistan as well as solving the problem of waste management. Fermentable sugars are found in abandoned watermelons, which can be used as a source of bioethanol. In this study, the objective was to hydrolyze the watermelon pulp Bacillus cereus FA3 using optimum conditions and ferment the resulting saccharified monomers into ethanol, utilizing yeasts; Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34 strain and Saccharomyces cerevisiae K7 strain. To optimize the experimental conditions for hydrolysis and fermentation, Plackett-Burman and central composite designs (CCD) were developed. Under the optimized conditions of the Plackett-Burman model, i.e., 37°C, pH 4, 50:55mL buffer to pulp ratio, 0.63 IU enzyme dosage, 5 days hydrolysis period, maximum reducing sugars of 45.13±0.01 and total sugars of 82.64±0.06 g/L was achieved. Under the optimized conditions viz. 75:25% hydrolysate: synthetic media, 5% (v/v) of yeast inocula, 25 °C, 15 days, the maximum ethanol yield and content with yeast Metschnikowia cibodasensis Y34 strain was recorded as 0.43 ± 0.007g/g and 13.6 ± 0.008g/L whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded 0.41 ± 0.004g/g and 12.2 ± 0.001g/L ethanol respectively. These outcomes underscore the effectiveness of the optimized fermentation process and the promising potential of watermelon pulp valorization for sustainable ethanol production.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Watermelon pulp waste
  topic: keywords
subject: bioethanol production
  topic: keywords
subject: agro-waste valorization
  topic: keywords
subject: enzymatic hydrolysis
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable energy
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Chaudhary
creator: Afifa Syeda
creator: Ayesha Aihetasham
creator: Pakeeza Fatima
creator: Amina Asghar
creator: Sher Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Asma Chaudhary, Afifa Syeda, Ayesha Aihetasham, Pakeeza Fatima, Amina Asghar, Sher Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 567
ending page: 577
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1768

Temporal progress of sheath blight and yield of herbicide-resistant irrigated rice genotypes in Southern Tocantins, Brazil
type: item
description: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop of global importance, but its productivity is often constrained by diseases and weeds, which lead to significant reductions in rice yield and quality. The technology of Clearfield enables the effective use of imidazolinone herbicides in rice with a resistant genotype. Nonetheless, besides the presence of weeds, diseases like the sheath blight, which is caused by the Rhizoctonia solani, are another limitation to irrigated rice farming. Clearfield genotypes have not been extensively studied for their resistance to sheath blight, and this disease has been on the rise in recent years, especially in the State of Tocantins, Brazil. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance of herbicide-resistant genotypes of irrigated rice to sheath blight at floodplain conditions in southern Tocantins. This was tested in 2019/20 and 2020/21 with a randomized block design (4 replications) in naturally infested commercial fields where sheath blight has previously occurred. The treatments consisted of advanced breeding lines and commercial cultivars. The temporal dynamics of sheath blight in the two years were best represented by the monomolecular model. Genotypes AB191132-RH and AB191122-RH exhibited the lowest disease severity and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values without compromising yield, indicating partial resistance to sheath blight. Disease severity and yield loss were also minimized by the preventive use of fungicides. These results indicate that resistant Clearfield(r) rice genotypes and fungicide management are promising methods of sheath blight control in irrigated rice systems as integrated approaches
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sheath blight
  topic: keywords
subject: Oryza sativa
  topic: keywords
subject: fungicides
  topic: keywords
subject: weeds
  topic: keywords
subject: clearfield ® technology
  topic: keywords
creator: David Ingsson Oliveira Andrade de Farias
creator: Anila Kanwal
creator: Muhammad Bilal
creator: Muhammad Rizwan
creator: Dalmarcia de Souza C. Mourão
creator: Luis O. Viteri
creator: Manuel A. Gonzales
creator: Paulo R. S. Fernandes
creator: Osmany Manuel Herrera Armijos
creator: Vitória B. Silva
creator: Ildon R. do Nascimento
creator: Cristiano B. de Moraes
creator: Vânia Thais S. Gomes
creator: Marcos G. da Silva
creator: Gil R. dos Santos
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 David Ingsson Oliveira Andrade de Farias, Anila Kanwal, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Rizwan, Dalmarcia de Souza C. Mourão, Luis O. Viteri, Manuel A. Gonzales, Paulo R. S. Fernandes, Osmany Manuel Herrera Armijos, Vitória B. Silva, Ildon R. do Nascimento, Cristiano B. de Moraes, Vânia Thais S. Gomes, Marcos G. da Silva, Gil R. dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 505
ending page: 516
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1676

Integrative effect of sowing dates and row spacing on growth and yield aspects of soybean
type: item
description: Temporal planting windows and plants spatial arrangements strongly modulates soybean development and productivity. A two-year field experiment was performed at the Ayub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, using soybean variety “AARI Soybean” under an RCBD spilt-plot design to examine the responses of two sowing date (15 July and 30 July) and three row spacing (30,45, and 50cm). The results showed that early sowing date (15th July) significantly improved plant height, number of pods per plant, seed per pod, 100-seed weight, and grain yield over late sowing, which expose plants to heat stress and reduced reproductive efficiency. Among row spacing, wider spacing (45-50 cm) consistently produced higher plant height, more pods per plant, better seed set, with a greater seed weight and superior grain yield due to improved light penetration reduced competition, and in hands canopy microclimate. The current study concluded that early sowing date with higher row spaces is the best option to get higher soybean yield. This research can enhance soybean adaptability under different climatic conditions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legume crop
  topic: keywords
subject: climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: temperature
  topic: keywords
subject: land preparation
  topic: keywords
subject: production
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Saeed
creator: Muhammad Zafar
creator: Muhammad Arif
creator: Rabia Saif
creator: Aeysha Wishal
creator: Nawal Zafar
creator: Mahmood Iqbal
creator: Fahid Ihsan
creator: Memoona Shahzadi
creator: Ahmad Raza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Saeed, Muhammad Zafar, Muhammad Arif, Rabia Saif, Aeysha Wishal, Nawal Zafar, Mahmood Iqbal, Fahid Ihsan, Memoona Shahzadi, Ahmad Raza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 539
ending page: 545
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1750

Assessment of genetic variability and heritability of vegetative, floral and fruit traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
type: item
description: Genetic diversity is crucial for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) improvement. To assess this variability, a field experiment was conducted using eleven tomato varieties arranged in randomized complete block design with five replications. This study was designed to estimate genetic parameters for 19 vegetative and reproductive traits. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the genotypes for the majority of the traits, confirming the presence of substantial genetic diversity. The estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation (GCV and PCV) were highest for pulp weight and leaf rachis length, indicating a strong inherent genetic potential for selection. Fruit length recorded the highest genotypic (85.88) and phenotypic (104.44) variances. Heritability estimates were high for most traits crucial for yield, with the maximum value observed for fruit length (0.82). The combination of a pronounced level of heritability and substantial expected genetic advance for these traits appears to suggest that their expression is primarily controlled by gene action. Therefore, future breeding programs should prioritize direct selection for characters such as fruit length, pulp weight, and leaf architecture to achieve rapid genetic gain and enhance tomato yield productivity.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tomato
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic variability
  topic: keywords
subject: heritability
  topic: keywords
subject: morphological characterization
  topic: keywords
subject: coefficient of variation
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Iqbal
creator: Riaz Hussain
creator: Atyab Amjad
creator: Ayesha Manzoor
creator: Ahsan Hammad
creator: Ibrar Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Iqbal, Riaz Hussain, Atyab Amjad, Ayesha Manzoor, Ahsan Hammad, Ibrar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 559
ending page: 566
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1744

FH-492: An early-maturing, climate-resilient cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) variety with tolerance to cotton leaf curl disease
type: item
description: Cotton productivity is threatened by climate change driven heat extremes, unpredictable rainfall, Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) and insect pests. The limited availability of climate resilient cotton cultivars is a primary concern among farmers in Pakistan. To address this bottlenecks, a new climate smart, high yielding, early maturing Bt. cotton variety “FH-492” tolerant to Cotton Leaf Curl Disease (CLCuD) developed at the Cotton Research Station, AARI, Faisalabad through hybridization of FH-113 (Bt, bollworm resistant) and FH-1200 (Non-Bt., heat tolerant). The F₂ to F₆ generations were advanced through pedigree selection (2011–2016) and subsequently evaluated in Preliminary Yield Trials (PYT), Advanced Yield Trials (AYT), Provincial Coordinated Cotton Trials (PCCT), and multi-location National Coordinated Varietal Trials (NCVT) from 2017 to 2021. FH-492 proved superior performance and produced 19.2% and 15.1% higher seed cotton yield than the check variety CIM-602 during 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively, in the National Coordinated Varietal Trial (NCVT). Fiber quality assessed by standardized High Volume Instrument (HVI) demonstrated industry compatible and thermally stable fiber profiles with mean values of a staple length (29.80 mm), ginning out-turn (42%), micronaire (4.5 µginch⁻¹), fiber strength (31 gtex⁻¹) and a uniformity index (88%). Punjab Seed Council (PSC) finally approved the variety for general cultivation in 2021. Morphologically, FH-492 Plants are medium compact (160–180 cm), cluster boll habit, 50–70 bolls per plant, maturing in 150–160 days with a seed cotton yield potential of 5500 kg/acre. Thus, FH-492 offers a sustainable solution for cotton production under changing climatic conditions and meets the needs of farmers and the cotton industry.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gossypium hirsutum
  topic: keywords
subject: variety development
  topic: keywords
subject: FH-492 climate resilient
  topic: keywords
subject: early-maturing
  topic: keywords
subject: CLCuD
  topic: keywords
creator: Ghulam Sarwar
creator: Jehanzeb Farooq
creator: asma PBG
creator: Abia Younas
creator: Abid Mehmood
creator: Amjad Farooq
creator: Hafiz Ghazanfar Abbas
creator: Shahid Munir Chohan
creator: Muhammad Rizwan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ghulam Sarwar, Jehanzeb Farooq, Asma Parveen, Abia Younas, Abid Mehmood, Amjad Farooq, Hafiz Ghazanfar Abbas, Shahid Munir Chohan, Muhammad Rizwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 529
ending page: 538
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1742

Invasion and distribution range expansion of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
type: item
description: The Fall Armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), a polyphagous pest, is rapidly expanding its distribution range and has invaded all areas of northern Pakistan. The current study was carried out to confirm the presence of FAW in the state of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K). For this survey, three maize fields were selected from each district of administratively three divisions of AJ&K. This selection was based on surveying the FAW distribution and infestation and farmer reports on alarming maize yield losses due to large scale attack of FAW. Data on FAW infestation and invasion were collected from the extension wing, Department of Agriculture, AJ&K, and by fortnightly visits of selected localities. The overall results show the uniform distribution of FAW throughout the study area with very rapid dissemination to other areas and expansion of host range was also observed. This is the first study in Kashmir to report the occurrence of FAW in Kashmir. This study will be helpful for pest forecasting of FAW and planning management strategies to protect this important crop from the yield losses.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Azad Jammu & Kashmir
  topic: keywords
subject: fall armyworm
  topic: keywords
subject: higher altitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: maize
  topic: keywords
subject: yield loss
  topic: keywords
creator: Iraj Yaseen
creator: Muhammad Imran
creator: Muhammad Awais Aslam
creator: Sohaib Ali Basharat
creator: Mujtaba Ahmed Salik
creator: Ali Hassan
creator: Muhammad Saqlain Shad
creator: Rimsha Saleem
creator: Naila Nazir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iraj Yaseen, Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Awais Aslam, Sohaib Ali Basharat, Mujtaba Ahmed Salik; Ali Hassan; Muhammad Saqlain Shad, Rimsha Saleem; Naila Nazir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 677
ending page: 685
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1622

Decoding synpolydactyly the genetic landscape of hoxd13 and the hox gene family" A comprehensive review"
type: item
description: Congenital limb malformations are among the most prevalent developmental abnormalities, occurring in approximately one in every 500 live births. These defects are frequently linked to genetic disruptions within the HOX gene family, which plays a pivotal role in embryonic limb patterning. This review comprehensively examines the genetic and molecular basis of synpolydactyly (SPD) a hereditary limb deformity characterized by fusion and duplication of digits focusing on the HOXD13 gene and its association with other HOX genes. Mutations in HOXD13, including polyalanine tract expansions, missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations, have been identified as major contributors to SPD and related limb malformations. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HOXD13 and other HOX genes (HOXA1, HOXA2, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXB1, and HOXB13) underlies a spectrum of genetic syndromes affecting limb and organ development. The review highlights the genotype–phenotype correlations, molecular mechanisms of HOXD13 mutations, and their broader implications in developmental and pathological contexts, including genitourinary and oncogenic disorders. Understanding the complex regulation of HOXD13 and its paralogues provide critical insight into congenital limb anomalies and offers a framework for genetic counseling, diagnosis, and potential therapeutic strategies.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Synpolydactyly
  topic: keywords
subject: Hox gene
  topic: keywords
subject: mutation
  topic: keywords
subject: ; polyalanine
  topic: keywords
subject: duplication
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Khan
creator: Murad Ali Rahat
creator: Muhammad Israr
creator: Asadullah Asadullah
creator: Fazal Akbar
creator: Ishaq Khan
creator: Sami Ullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Khan, Murad Ali Rahat, Muhammad Israr, Asadullah Asadullah, Fazal Akbar, Ishaq Khan, Sami Ullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 657
ending page: 667
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1732

The critical functions of plant secondary metabolites in mediating insect host selection and defence strategies: a comprehensive review
type: item
description: Plants produce secondary metabolites (SMs), which are bioactive compounds produced as an adaptive defence against herbivorous insect attacks. These compounds include alkaloids, terpenes, phenolics, and glucosinolates, which deter insects’ feeding, disrupt their digestive systems, and kill them. Insects have olfactory and gustatory receptors, which help them select or reject the plant hosts. Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) can either cause direct toxicity by acting as toxins for the insects or cause indirect toxicity by attracting parasitoids of pests. Plants use complex biosynthetic 3 pathways such as the shikimic acid pathway for phenolic and flavonoids, the Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate pathway for terpenoids, and the acetate-malonate pathways for polyketide synthesis. These pathways are specifically regulated, upon tissue damage or stress, by plant hormones such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Alkaloids such as nicotine and caffeine interfere with the insects’ nervous system, causing death. Azadirachtin, a terpenoid from neem, disrupts moulting and reproduction in insects, while tannins and flavonoids inhibit the digestive enzymes of insects. Although these compounds are plants’ natural defence, many insects of the families Nocutidae, Lepidoptera, Aphididae, Danainae, and Chrysomelidae have evolved certain molecular mechanisms, such as cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase-based oxidation, sequestration, target insensitivity, and microbial symbiont-mediated detoxification, to protect themselves against SMs. This review discusses the biosynthesis of different plant SMs, their direct or indirect toxicity, and insects’ adaptations against these SMs, and Implications of SMs in modern research to explore their role as biopesticides.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Detoxification mechanisms
  topic: keywords
subject: insect herbivory
  topic: keywords
subject: insect host selection
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary metabolites (SMs)
  topic: keywords
subject: plant defence mechanisms
  topic: keywords
creator: Mayozadi Ainan Saleem
creator: Hassan Anjam
creator: Soban Tahseen
creator: Sundas Sharif
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mayozadi Ainan Saleem, Hassan Anjam, Soban Tahseen, Sundas Sharif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 669
ending page: 689
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1721

Morpho-physiological and fiber quality evaluation of cotton genotypes under normal sowing condition
type: item
description: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a key fiber crop with significant economic importance, yet Pakistan has recently experienced declining production and yield. There is a need to evaluate cotton germplasm with enhanced yield and quality traits. For this purpose, 79 cotton genotypes were sown at the Cotton Research Station, Vehari under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to assess morphological, physiological, and fiber quality traits, including plant height, bolls per plant, sympodial branches, boll weight, ginning outturn, seed cotton yield, cell membrane thermostability, pollen viability, fiber length, fiber strength, and fineness. Significant phenotypic variation was observed among genotypes for most traits. Correlation and principal component analysis revealed strong positive associations among yield-related and physiological traits, while fiber quality traits clustered separately. Heat map and mean value analyses identified superior genotypes, with G5, G24, G32, G44, G46, G52, and G60 exhibiting the highest fiber strength and promising performance for seed cotton yield, pollen viability, and cell membrane thermostability. These genotypes constitute an important gene pool for breeding programs focused on improving yield, fiber quality, and heat stress tolerance in cotton. The study provides a foundation for selecting superior parents for future cotton improvement under normal and stress-prone environments.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biplot analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: fiber quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Gossypium hirsutum
  topic: keywords
subject: heat map
  topic: keywords
subject: physiological traits
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Tanees Chaudhary
creator: Muhammad Jamil
creator: Ghulam Sarwar
creator: Shoaib Liaqat
creator: Sabah Merrium
creator: Muhammad Tehseen Azhar
creator: Zeenat Javeed
creator: Kamran Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tanees Chaudhary, Muhammad Jamil, Ghulam Sarwar, Shoaib Liaqat, Sabah Merrium, Muhammad Tehseen Azhar, Zeenat Javeed, Kamran Javed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 547
ending page: 557
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1706

Comparative assessment of avian diversity in Gilgit city using acoustic monitoring (BirdNET) and conventional point count surveys
type: item
description: The process of urbanization tends to streamline bird communities, favouring generalist species. The present acoustic survey is the first of its kind in Gilgit City (Pakistan), aiming to describe the urban bird community using BirdNET (a deep-learning sound identification tool) alongside the parallel point count method. We deployed a portable recorder at 32 selected points across urban, suburban, peri-urban, and riverine environments over ten months (winter, spring, and summer). We processed the recordings using BirdNET, while point-count surveys were subjectively verified. BirdNET identified 47 species, while point counts recorded 45. Both approaches revealed a rich but biased assemblage: a few ubiquitous generalists dominated (e.g., House Sparrow, Streaked Laughing Thrush, Rose-ringed Parakeet), whereas many species were detected only once. Species diversity was moderate overall but declined from peri-urban areas (highest richness: ~31 species) to the urban core (highest richness: ~19 species). Richness peaked seasonally, with winter migrants (e.g., White Wagtail) increasing diversity, and post-breeding flocks causing surges in late summer. Our results corroborate existing evidence that BirdNET-based acoustic monitoring can effectively complement traditional field surveys, while demonstrating its applicability in the high-altitude urban and riverine landscapes of Gilgit City, particularly for detecting nocturnal or cryptic species (e.g., owls, night jars, etc.). These findings align with global evidence of urban avifaunal homogenization and highlight the role of peri-urban green spaces as key biodiversity reservoirs. The current effort is the preliminary comparative quantitative analysis of urban avifauna of Gilgit city and sets crucial data to be used in urban conservation planning.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urbanization
  topic: keywords
subject: bird diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: Gilgit
  topic: keywords
subject: community structure
  topic: keywords
creator: Mufeed Hussain
creator: Saeed Abbas
creator: Nasir Mehdi
creator: Atif Hussain
creator: Rahila Tabassum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mufeed Hussain, Saeed Abbas, Nasir Mehdi, Atif Hussain, Rahila Tabassum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 639
ending page: 647
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1697

Sugarcane-raya intercropping: A promising option to sustain yield and enhance farm profitability
type: item
description: Sugarcane is a long-duration and slow-growing crop, which permits the opportunity to cultivate a short-duration crop in the same field during the same season. In this regard, intercropping of a mustard species “Super raya” can be the best option to enhance economic returns and improve overall land productivity. Therefore, a field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting times of sugarcane and planting geometries of raya at Sugarcane Research Station, Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Experimental treatments were composed of two planting times of sugarcane (PD1=September 10, 2023, and PD2=October 10, 2023) and planting geometries of raya (S-1R=single row raya, S-2R=double row raya, and S-3R=triple row raya) intercropped within sugarcane. Sole sugarcane (S-Cn) and sole raya (R-3R) were also included as control treatments. Results of the current study showed that sole raya and sole sugarcane crops showed the maximum yields of 142.6 tons ha-1 (PD1) and 1.8 tons ha-1, respectively, as compared to other tested arrangements. Double row planting geometry of raya within September sugarcane also exhibited greater yield of 134.6 tons’ ha-1 and 1.53 tons ha-1 for sugarcane and raya, respectively. This double row plant geometry within September-sown sugarcane also showed a higher benefit-cost ratio (32.4%) and land equivalent ratio (2.27%) attributed to a lower yield reduction ratio (0.6), greater yield stability index (0.94), and land equivalent ratio (1.80) under this treatment. In conclusion, double-row planting of raya within September-sown sugarcane can be recommended as a profitable agronomic practice for increasing land use efficiency and farm income in arid agro-climatic regions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: : Sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: sugarcane
  topic: keywords
subject: super raya
  topic: keywords
subject: farm income
  topic: keywords
creator: Taj Muhammad
creator: Tauqeer Qadir
creator: Muhammad Asif Jamal
creator: Diyan Haider
creator: Ijaz Hussain
creator: Saeed Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Taj Muhammad, Tauqeer Qadir, Muhammad Asif Jamal, Diyan Haider, Ijaz Hussain, Saeed Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 517
ending page: 527
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1679

Exploring the environment-friendly approaches for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system
type: item
description: Wheat is the staple food of Pakistan and plays an important role in national food security. Changing climatic conditions, receding land availability due to increasing population, deficit in irrigation water availability during wheat season, and increasing cost of inputs are among the factors that are constraints on sustainable wheat production. Under these conditions, conventional wheat production system may no longer ensure food security and profitability. The Cotton-wheat system is the most important cropping system and the prime source of food supply in Pakistan. A field trial was conducted at Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad using strip plot design for evaluation of environment friendly and economically feasible approaches for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system. Three sowing methods viz bed planting, ridge planting (broadcast augmented with furrow) and flat planting were tested under three tillage levels: zero tillage (relay wheat sowing), conventional tillage and minimum tillage. Results revealed that zero tillage (relay wheat sowing) performed the best out of all tillage options keeping in view the yield and economic returns. It was also the best option for CO2 emission reduction due to the elimination of fuel consumption (for land preparation and sowing). Sowing methods showed variable response for yield as flat sowing and bed planting performed better than ridge planting in relay crop, but ridge planting was on top in both conventional and minimum tillage. It was concluded that relay planting under bed and flat sowing was the best environment-friendly and economically viable approach for wheat production in cotton-wheat cropping system.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Relay wheat sowing
  topic: keywords
subject: bed/ridge planting
  topic: keywords
subject: resource conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: CO₂ emission reduction
  topic: keywords
creator: Hafiz Naveed Ramzan
creator: Naveed Akhtar
creator: Muhammad Kashif Munir
creator: Fahid Ihsan
creator: Muhammad Kashif Hanif
creator: Rabia Nadeem
creator: Maham Sajid
creator: Muhammad Faisal Shafiq
creator: Nouman Ali
creator: Hafiz Muhammad Ijaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hafiz Naveed Ramzan, Naveed Akhtar, Muhammad Kashif Munir, Fahid Ihsan, Muhammad Kashif Hanif, Rabia Nadeem, Maham Sajid, Muhammad Faisal Shafiq, Nouman Ali, Hafiz Muhammad Ijaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 579
ending page: 586
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1678

First report and morpho-meristic characterization of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch,1794) from the river Kabul at its Pakistani gateway: shelman valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
type: item
description: This study is the first comprehensive Morpho-meristic study of Heteropneustes fossilis from two distinct locations along the length of river Kabul; Shalman valley and Michini. For this purpose, a total of 20 fish specimens were collected from April to July 2025. Various fishing equipment were employed for catching the fish. The collected fish specimens were identified their meristic characters and morphometric measurements were recorded and finally preserved in ethanol. Fin rays were observed using a magnifying glass and stereo microscope. Body weight (BW) and morphometric measurements were recorded with a digital balance and caliper, with an accuracy of 0.01 g and 0.01 cm, respectively. The specimens showed a moderate variation in total length (15.0-18.2 cm) and body weight (37.3-42.0 g). Statistical analysis of the observed characters, including assessment of length-weight relationships (LWRs) and length-length relationships (LLRs) were done utilizing the software Prism. The fin formula observed for H. fossilis was: D. 5-7, P. 1/6-7, V. 6, A. 64-69, C. 18-22. LWRs between BW and most length parameters were significant (p < 0.001; r² = 0.94), except for Post dorsal length (p > 0.05). The growth pattern exhibited a negative allometric growth (b < 3) potentially due to restricted food supply, environmental stress and reproductive activity. LLRs were statistically significant (p < 0.001; r² = 0.98). These findings report the species for the first time from Shalman valley and provide key baseline data for species identification, which might be helpful in the conservation of H. fossilis within the River Kabul ecosystem
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fish
  topic: keywords
subject: Heteropneustes fossilis
  topic: keywords
subject: river kabul
  topic: keywords
subject: identification
  topic: keywords
subject: morpho-meristic
  topic: keywords
subject: shalman valley
  topic: keywords
subject: length-weight relationship
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad khan
creator: Muhammad Adnan
creator: saeed anwar
creator: Muhammad Ishtiyaq
creator: Tanzeela Tanzeela
creator: Sanaullah khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Adnan, Saeed anwar, Muhammad Ishtiyaq, Tanzeela, Sanaullah khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 493
ending page: 504
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1665

Genetic variability and heritability for yield and associated traits of synthetically derived wheat population under normal and late planting condition
type: item
description: A set of five synthetic wheat lines were crossed with four well-adapted cultivars using a 5 × 4 Line × Tester scheme, during the Rabi 2021-22, resulting in the development of 20 F1 hybrids. These F1 hybrids along with their parental genotypes were evaluated in the Rabi 2022-23 at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, to examine genetic variability, heritability estimates (broad- and narrow-sense) and expected selection responses for yield-related traits under two sowing conditions: normal planting (mid-November) and late planting (mid-December). Experiments were carried out in randomized complete design (RCBD) replicated three times. Broad-sense heritability values were generally higher under normal sowing compared to late planting. Narrow-sense heritability was notably greater for spike initiation and plant height under normal planting, whereas traits such as spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield exhibited moderate narrow-sense heritability under late sowing. In contrast, traits including spike initiation, plant height, spike length and grain yield adjudged low narrow-sense heritability in the late environment. The Expected genetic gains were consistently higher in normal planting as compared to late sowing with values recorded for days to spike initiation (3.70 vs. 0.25), plant height (3.62 vs. 0.17), spikes plant-1 (1.09 vs. 0.88), grains spike-1 (1.94 vs. 1.89), 1000 grains weight (1.62 vs. 1.12), biological yield (4.67 vs. 2.82) and grain yield (1.88 vs. 0.27). The prime objective of this study was to select the best genotypes considering high broad sense heritability to proceed further for the varietal selection and use as a parent in local hybridization scheme.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Synthetic wheat
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic variability
  topic: keywords
subject: heritability
  topic: keywords
subject: yield associated traits
  topic: keywords
subject: normal and late planting condition
  topic: keywords
creator: Durr e Nayab
creator: Muhammad Khalid
creator: Farhanullah
creator: Sumayya Inayat
creator: Lubna Naz
creator: Sadia Mukhtiar
creator: Shah Fahad
creator: Murad Ali
creator: Farmanullah Khan
creator: Aamir Iqbal
creator: Monsif Ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Durr-e-Nayab, Muhammad Khalid, Farhanullah, Sumayya Inayat, Lubna Naz, Sadia Mukhtiar, Shah Fahad, Murad Ali, Farmanullah Khan, Aamir Iqbal, Monsif Ur Rehman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 593
ending page: 603
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1645

Effect of sonication-assisted cinnamon extract on the physicochemical and quality parameters of fresh-cut carrots
type: item
description: The market for minimally processed produce has seen significant growth due to modern lifestyles. However, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables face significant challenges related to quality loss and loss of textural properties. Bioactive coatings are a promising method to lessen these deteriorative effects. This research evaluated the effectiveness of antioxidant-enriched edible coating incorporating sonication-assisted cinnamon extract for preserving the quality of fresh-cut carrots during storage. Cinnamon’s bioactive compounds were obtained via sonication-assisted aqueous extraction. The samples were stored at refrigerated temperature, and quality analyses were performed for a twenty-one-day period. Physicochemical tests included moisture loss percentage, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, texture, color properties, and vitamin C content. Analysis indicated that coated samples demonstrated better retention of quality parameters relative to control samples. Weight loss was slower for treated samples at 20.51% as compared to untreated samples at 19.02%. These findings indicate that antioxidant infused edible coatings could be a viable strategy for prolonging the shelf life of minimally processed food products.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sonication
  topic: keywords
subject: cinnamon
  topic: keywords
subject: fresh cut
  topic: keywords
subject: carrot
  topic: keywords
subject: edible coating
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidants
  topic: keywords
creator: Hammad Naeem
creator: Hafiz Usama Noor
creator: Muhammad Hamdan Rashid
creator: Sidra Rashid
creator: Rabiya Zulfiqar
creator: Bareera Shafiq
creator: Muhammad Abrar
creator: Sharoon Masih
creator: Saima Parveen
creator: Irrum Babu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hammad Naeem, Hafiz Usama Noor, Muhammad Hamdan Rashid, Sidra Rashid, Rabiya Zulfiqar, Bareera Shafiq, Muhammad Abrar, Sharoon Masih, Saima Parveen, Irrum Babu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 605
ending page: 613
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1639

Comparative acute toxicity of eight insecticides against worker Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)
type: item
description: Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are vital pollinators in natural and agricultural ecosystems, yet pesticide exposure remains a primary factor contributing to their decline. The studies were conducted to figure out the acute oral and contact toxicity of eight commonly used insecticides including acetamiprid, imidacloprid, diafenthiuron, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, spinosad, methoxyfenozide, and cypermethrin to worker honeybees under controlled laboratory conditions. Bees were exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0 µg/ml concentration of each insecticide, and mortality was recorded after 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours’ exposure periods. Median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀, LC₉₀) and doses (LD₅₀, LD₉₀) were estimated using probit analysis (POLO-PC). Toxicity varied significantly among insecticides and exposure routes. After 72 hours of oral exposure, abamectin (LC₅₀ = 0.26 µg mL⁻¹) and imidacloprid (LC₅₀ = 0.27 µg mL⁻¹) were the most toxic, while chlorpyrifos exhibited the lowest toxicity (LC₅₀ = 5.77 µg mL⁻¹). In contact bioassays, abamectin also demonstrated the greatest toxicity (LD₅₀ = 0.64 µg mL⁻¹), followed by imidacloprid and spinosad, whereas; cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos were found less harmful. The steeper slope values for abamectin and imidacloprid indicate uniform susceptibility among exposed bees. These results underscore substantial differences in the hazard profiles of widely used insecticides and emphasize the importance of considering both exposure routes when assessing risk. The findings offer a quantitative foundation for assessing pollinator risks and guiding pesticide regulation, thereby facilitating the selection of insecticides with reduced toxicity to bees within integrated pest management (IPM) programs
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Honey Bees
  topic: keywords
subject: insecticide toxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: oral and contact exposure
  topic: keywords
subject: pollinator risk assessment
  topic: keywords
creator: Abid Farid
creator: Moazzam Khan
creator: Rasheed Akbar
creator: Mohib Ullah
creator: Brekhna Faheem
creator: Naseem Rafiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abid Farid, Moazzam Khan, Rasheed Akbar, Mohibullah, Brekhna Faheem, Naseem Rafiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 481
ending page: 492
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1632

Physiological and growth response of Quinoa under changing climatic conditions: A review
type: item
description: The global population is increasing, while the amount of arable land is decreasing due to desertification and salinization, both of which are primarily caused by human activities, such as climate change. Global climate scenarios and food security will be fundamentally altered by increased temperatures; the entire ecosystem will be altered. This review examines the remarkable resilience of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. can provide or support ecosystem services in a sustainable approach to ameliorating impacts such as famine. In contrast to the conventional food staples, quinoa exhibits remarkable resilience to abiotic stresses and is a highly nutritious crop with a distinct nutritional profile. As such, it holds potential importance for ensuring food security and nutritional adequacy. With regard to the growing worldwide population, the consequences of climate change, desalination, phytoremediation, nutrient deficit, and poverty alleviation, this crop has the ability to improve global conditions
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quinoa
  topic: keywords
subject: physiology
  topic: keywords
subject: growth
  topic: keywords
subject: climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: agro-climatic
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Daod Khan
creator: Sher Afghan
creator: Alia Ijaz
creator: Muhammad Saud Khan
creator: Asif Mehmood
creator: Amina Rashid
creator: Raza Mustafa
creator: Muhammad Usman Arshad
creator: Muhammad Mujahid
creator: Rizwan Abid
creator: Muhammad Sajjad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Daod Khan, Sher Afghan, Alia Ijaz, Muhammad Saud Khan, Asif Mehmood, Amina Rashid, Raza Mustafa, Muhammad Usman Arshad, Muhammad Mujahid, Rizwan Abid, Muhammad Sajjad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 643
ending page: 655
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1617

Assessment of resistance and susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae exposed to conventional and novel insecticides
type: item
description: Mosquitoes belong to the order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, and family Culicidae. Culex quinquefasciatus Say is a medically significant mosquito and major pest species with a global distribution. The indiscriminate use of pesticides leads to environmental issues such as health risks, disruption of natural predators, ecosystem imbalances, and the development of resistance in insect pests. Therefore, the present study aimed to reduce the excessive use of pesticides by exploring novel alternative and chemical insecticides. The susceptibility (%) and resistance (%) of third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus to conventional chemicals (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and deltamethrin) and new chemicals (spinosad, ivermectin, and emamectin benzoate) were determined using different concentration rates (100, 125 and 150 ppm) and exposure times (24, 48, 72 h). In general, exposure time did not significantly affect the susceptibility or resistance percentages of Culex quinquefasciatus. However, changes in concentration directly influenced both susceptibility and resistance to both conventional and new chemicals. Lambda-cyhalothrin had the highest LD50 value (1.80), whereas spinosad had the lowest LD50 value (0.03). The LD90 value was highest for deltamethrin, whereas spinosad exhibited the lowest LD90 value across all treatments.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Culex quinquefasciatus
  topic: keywords
subject: insecticides
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: susceptibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Lambda-cyhalothrin
  topic: keywords
creator: Abid Farid
creator: Rasheed Akbar
creator: Said Wahid Khan
creator: Brekhna Faheem
creator: Naseem Rafiq
creator: Gul Zamin Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abid Farid, Rasheed Akbar, Said Wahid Khan, Brekhna Faheem, Naseem Rafiq, Gul Zamin Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 395
ending page: 405
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1591

Morphology and nesting behavior of Ropalidia variegata variegata Smith 1852 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from District Mohmand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
type: item
description: This study was carried out in Mohmand District (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) to investigate morphological identification and nest activities of a wasp species (Ropalidia variegata variegata). Wasp colonies were observed on mango tree foliage and monitored over a four-month period. Nest-building activity began at the center of the leaf and expanded along the midrib and lateral edges as the colony size increased. The numbers of nest cells, larvae, and total cells were recorded. Specimens were identified as R. variegata variegata using standard entomological keys. Distinct coloration patterns were noted on different body parts, including yellow, reddish-brown, and black hues. Morphometric measurements showed that the head measured 2.24 ± 0.2 mm in length and 1.96 ± 0.2 mm in breadth. The pronotum was rectangular, brown in color, and bordered by a distinct yellow margin. The thorax measured 3.51 ± 0.14 mm in length and 2.0 ± 0.42 mm in breadth. The second abdominal segment was bell-shaped. The legs measured 4.6 ± 0.56 mm in length and 0.1 ± 0.07 mm in width, while the wings measured 5.1 ± 0.8 mm in length.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ropalidia variegata variegate
  topic: keywords
subject: behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: morphology
  topic: keywords
subject: nesting
  topic: keywords
subject: reproduction
  topic: keywords
creator: Mian Sayed Khan
creator: Zahid Khan
creator: Haroon Haroon
creator: Muhammad Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mian Sayed Khan, Zahid Khan, Haroon Haroon, Muhammad Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 353
ending page: 371
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1519

On-Farm evaluation of different storage materials for the management of four stored grain insect pests on stored wheat
type: item
description: Four standard storage bags, namely polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), hermetic bag (HB), and jute bag (JB), were evaluated for the management of insect pests of stored grains. Efficacy parameters were recorded as percent weight losses, damaged grain percentage, and population buildup over time intervals. Already infested wheat was stored in four bag types at two locations to record the effectiveness of each bag. Results showed that damages such as percent weight loss and percent grain damage made by insects were more in polyethylene as compared to polypropylene, jute, and the hermetic bag. Populations were recorded dead only in the hermetic bag at each time interval. The hermetic bag proved lethal for stored grain insect pests’ development, and insect populations were found 100% dead in hermetic bags with no single account of a live insect over all-time intervals, viz. 30, 60, and 90 d. Grain moisture fluctuated in all bags while in a hermetic bag, grain moisture decreased and then became constant. All types of damages were recorded more at grain market in Bahawalnagar which is a hotter place than the Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku. Results indicated that the hermetic bag proved to be the best material for stored grains insect pests’ management
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tribolium castaneum
  topic: keywords
subject: Sitophilus oryzae
  topic: keywords
subject: Sitophilus granaries
  topic: keywords
subject: insect pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: storage materials
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Rizwan
creator: Bilal Atta
creator: Arshed Makhdoom Sabir
creator: Misbah Rizwan
creator: Muhammad Tahir
creator: Mubashar Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rizwan, Bilal Atta, Arshed Makhdoom Sabir, Misbah Rizwan, Muhammad Tahir, Mubashar Iqbal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 417
ending page: 426
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1580

Combined dietary effects of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes on growth performance and meat quality in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
type: item
description: This study investigated the effects of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes as feed additive on the growth and meat quality of Grass carp. A total of 90 Fingerlings divided into three groups i.e., control (C), 2g/kg supplement (T1), and 4g/kg supplement (T2) were reared for three months in glass aquaria. The growth performance viz., weight gain, standard length, fork length and total length was measured on fortnightly basis. Proximate composition analysis was performed at the end of the experiment to evaluate meat quality of Grass carp. The group receiving 4g/kg of the supplementation (T2) shows higher values for all growth parameters, followed by T1 and C group respectively. The proximate analysis revealed significantly better meat quality, characterized by higher crude protein (64.80±1.63) with lower crude fat, moisture and ash content (16.60±0.65, 73.50±0.61, 9.13±0.41) in T2 as compared to T1 and C group. The overall outcome revealed that the supplementary diet with addition of probiotics, yeast, and digestive enzymes is a good source of nutrients and fiber for Grass carp that helps to improve the growth and meat quality of fish species.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Grass carp
  topic: keywords
subject: probiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: growth performance
  topic: keywords
subject: meat quality
  topic: keywords
creator: Hajra Qamar
creator: Muhammad Zubair Anjum
creator: Khalid Mehmood
creator: Muhammad Qayash Khan
creator: Sana Urooj
creator: Bushra Mushtaq
creator: Tayyaba Ijaz
creator: Tamom Naz
creator: Vaneeza Arshad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hajra Qamar, Muhammad Zubair Anjum, Khalid Mehmood, Muhammad Qayash Khan, Sana Urooj, Bushra Mushtaq, Tayyaba Ijaz, Tamom Naz, Vaneeza Arshad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 473
ending page: 479
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1346

Effect of whey protein isolate and concentrate coatings on the physicochemical and sensory quality of Labeo rohita Fillets
type: item
description: Edible coatings offer a sustainable solution to extend the shelf life and maintain the quality of perishable foods like Labeo rohita (Rohu) fillets. Rohu is particularly susceptible to quality degradation caused by lipid oxidation, enzymatic activity, and moisture loss. This study investigated the production and application of whey protein-based films on the physicochemical and sensory quality of L. rohita (Rohu) fillets during refrigerated storage (4 ± 1 °C) for 15 days. Coating formulations were prepared using whey protein isolate (WPI) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) in combination with glycerol and gelatin at different ratios: WPI + Glycerol (1:1), WPI + Glycerol (1:2), WPI + Glycerol + Gelatin (1:1:1), WPC + Glycerol (1:1), and WPC + Glycerol (1:2). Coatings were applied by dipping, and fillets were analyzed for pH, weight loss, color, texture, and aroma for 15 days. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed among treatments. The WPC+Glycerol (1:2) coating demonstrated the highest preservation efficiency, maintaining pH (6.33 ± 0.25), minimizing weight loss (16.4 %), and retaining desirable texture (3.33 ± 1.15) and color (2.67 ± 1.15) scores throughout storage. In contrast, uncoated samples showed rapid spoilage with extreme hardness, darkening, and off-odor. These findings confirm that WPC-based coatings, especially at a 1:2 ratios with glycerol are benefical since they could extend the shelf life of food products by reducing respiration rates, and they outperform alternative biopolymeric packaging.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Labeo rohita
  topic: keywords
subject: whey protein
  topic: keywords
subject: edible films
  topic: keywords
subject: fish preservation
  topic: keywords
subject: biodegradable packaging
  topic: keywords
subject: bio-coating
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahnoor Nawazish
creator: Eisha Tahir
creator: Momina Hanif
creator: Jahangir Khan
creator: Syed Waqas Hassan
creator: Faisal Nawaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnoor Nawazish, Eisha Tahir, Momina Hanif, Jahangir Khan, Syed Waqas Hassan, Faisal Nawaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 615
ending page: 625
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1577

Evaluation of feeding potential of different spider species under laboratory and greenhouse conditions
type: item
description: This study evaluates the feeding efficiency of three predatory spider species: Thyne imperialis (jumping spider), Thomisus sp. (crab spider), and Rukkidus sp. (jumping spider), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The spiders were tested for their potential to control guava mealybugs (Ferrisia virgate), a major pest in guava orchards. Experiments conducted in petri dishes and potted guava plants simulated natural habitats. Results revealed that Thomisus sp. exhibited the highest predatory potential, consuming an average of 6.0 ± 0.42 mealybugs within 24 hours, followed by Thyne imperialis (5.0 ± 0.40) and Rukkidus sp. (3.2 ± 0.31). The overall feeding efficiency of Thomisus sp. was 20–30% higher than the other two species across all exposure durations. Greenhouse trials confirmed similar predatory trends, demonstrating the adaptability and persistence of these spiders in semi-natural conditions. These findings emphasize the potential of Thomisus sp. and T. imperialis as effective biological control agents for managing guava mealybugs in both laboratory and greenhouse settings
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: IPM
  topic: keywords
subject: biological control
  topic: keywords
subject: feeding efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: predatory spiders
  topic: keywords
subject: natural enemies
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahjahan Rajput
creator: Shabana Naz Mazari
creator: Abdul Samad Soomrp
creator: Shah Nazawaz Khuhro
creator: Tufail Ahmed Wagan
creator: Mushtaque Ahmed Agha
creator: Fahad Nazir Khoso
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shahjahan Rajput; Shabana Naz Mazari, Abdul Samad Soomro, Shah Nawaz Khuhro, Tufail Ahmed Wagan, Agha Mushtaque Ahmed, Fahad Nazir Khoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-25
publication date: 2025-12-25
starting page: 465
ending page: 471
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.03.1572

Husn-e- Yousuf (Laminarea saccharina); the most trending and promising natural skin care of current decade chemical characterization and antioxidant evaluation
type: item
description: Today in the world of competition and personal grooming the skin tone matters a lot and such products are highly acceptable that accounts for the shining of skin. In this regards, the rate of skin fairness cosmetics consumption is very high in our society. However, the high composition of chemical moieties in such products is responsible for the damage of skin layers. In such circumstances the natural and herbal products can be a better choice for preventing the skin from hazardous chemicals and for gaining natural glow. Consequently, one herb is found significantly promising during study, commonly known as Husn-e-Yousuf (Laminarea saccharina). In present study, through chemical analysis it was determined that the herb has highly beneficial chemical composition that are friendly for skin texture and tone. Beside that strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activity proved Husn-e-Yousuf a promising skin care and an excellent choice for skin care
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Husn-e-Yousuf
  topic: keywords
subject: Laminarea saccharina
  topic: keywords
subject: sugar kelp
  topic: keywords
subject: acne
  topic: keywords
subject: exfoliation
  topic: keywords
creator: Kiran Rafiq
creator: Fatima Qamar
creator: Safila Naveed
creator: Saman Usmani
creator: Shafaque Mehboob
creator: Shagufta Nesar
creator: Javeria Iftikhar
creator: Zafar Saied Saify
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kiran Rafiq, Fatima Qamar, Safila Naveed, Saman Usmani, Shafaque Mehboob, Shagufta Nesar, Javeria Iftikhar, Zafar Saied Saify https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 345
ending page: 352
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1294

Genetic confirmation of morphological identified endangered ornamental loach Botia lohachata by mitochondrial CO-I gene, found from Kirthar mountain range Sindh, Pakistan
type: item
description: The Botia lohachata were collected from the Ranikot Stream for morphological and molecular characterization. B. lohachata belong to family Botiidae, commonly known as freshwater Loaches and generally as ‘tiger loach’. Currently, it is enlisted in is in IUCN Red List It is a tropical bottom dwelling loach of small to medium-sized riverine loach. The cytochrome coxidase I (CO-I) gene was used to evaluate the species. CO-I gene sequence resulted 707bp. For all the samples, the percentage of Thymine was significantly higher compared to the other nucleotides i.e., 31.54% followed by Adenine and Cytosine i.e 25.74%. While the GC contents were recorded 42.7%. In further, the molarity (1µg/µl) was recorded 2.29µM. The present findings will be helpful in the identification of the Endangered and Vulnerable Botia species. Further, it will be beneficial for future genetic population studies and developing a conservation-scheme approach for managing the fish diversity in their natural habitats.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cytochrome coxidase I (CO-I) gene
  topic: keywords
subject: conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: mitochondrial DNA
  topic: keywords
subject: Botia lohachata
  topic: keywords
creator: Wakeela Gul Mughal
creator: Muhammad Younis Laghari
creator: Punhal Khan Lashari
creator: Zameer Palh
creator: Ikram Hussain
creator: Summaiya Rajput
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wakeela Gul Mughal, Muhammad Younis Laghari; Punhal Khan Lashari; Zameer Palh, Ikram Hussain, Summaiya Rajput https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 427
ending page: 433
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1506

Evaluation of genetic diversity and forage quality in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) germplasm under arid conditions
type: item
description: Medicago sativa L. is commonly known as alfalfa. It is a perennial legume crop of significant importance, as it is highly nutritious, and it can fix nitrogen in the soil. This study focuses on evaluating the productivity and quality of various alfalfa germplasms under growing conditions using the RCBD design. Statistical analysis such as Augmented RCBD ANOVA, LSD design, Genetic Advance percentage, Heritability percentage, and correlation analysis were performed in this experiment The key agronomic and quality parameters were recorded, such as germination %, crop stand, plant height, no. of tillers/plant, no. of tillers/meter row, and leaves/tillers. The quality traits are crude protein %, starch %, ash %, crude fiber %, moisture dry matter %, fat %, NDF %, and ADF %. In 2022, the seeds of 67 germplasms and one check Sargodha alfalfa 2011 while in 2023, the seeds of 214 germplasms and the same check Sargodha alfalfa 2011 were evaluated. During 2022, these four-germplasm lines, such as (Acc.#6477), (Acc.# 6333), (Acc.#6359), and (Acc.#6394), showed better performance in alfalfa germination percentage, while during 2023, these five-germplasm lines, such as (Acc.#6349), (PI 631584), (PI 631563), (PI 672793), and (PI 672804), showed better performance. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the genetic variability and potential breeding strategies for improving alfalfa germplasm, and these nine germplasms can be grown in Pakistan to get better production and quality.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medicago sativa L
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic advance
  topic: keywords
subject: heritability
  topic: keywords
subject: correlation
  topic: keywords
subject: NDF
  topic: keywords
subject: ADF
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Shahjahan Bukhari
creator: Rashid Minhas
creator: Rahmat Ullah
creator: Mashal Rehman
creator: Mahreen Khalid
creator: Ali Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Shahjahan Bukhari, Rashid Minhas, Rahmat Ullah, Mashal Rehman, Mahreen Khalid, Ali Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-08-31
publication date: 2025-08-31
starting page: 215
ending page: 228
doi: 10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1468