Forced Labour in Pakistan: Legal Frameworks, Institutional Gaps, and the Role of Civil Society

Abstract

This study investigates the issue of forced labour in Pakistan through a qualitative doctrinal legal analysis, aiming to assess the effectiveness of the country's legal and institutional frameworks. Drawing on national laws, judicial decisions, and international conventions, the research identifies significant gaps in implementation, monitoring, and victim support mechanisms. The study adopts a comprehensive national-level design, utilizing document-based sampling and a systematic analysis of legal texts, case law, and academic literature. Findings reveal that despite the presence of constitutional safeguards and legal provisions, forced labour remains widespread due to poor enforcement, outdated legal definitions, insufficient institutional coordination, and weak civil society engagement. Judicial interventions and international obligations have influenced reforms, but their practical impact remains limited. The research concludes that substantial legal reforms, stronger implementation mechanisms, and a coordinated multi-stakeholder approach are essential to combat forced labour in Pakistan effectively.