Extraction and Characterization of Fluvic Acids from Agro-Industrial Wastes: An Innovative Waste Management Strategy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55627/pbulletin.004.01.1093Keywords:
Humic acid, Fulvic acids, Extraction, Organic waste, Nutrients, Organic carbonAbstract
Agro-industrial wastes (AIW) can be converted into valuable products such as fulvic acid (FA) and nutrient sources. The study was carried out with a sequential alkaline and acidic method for the extraction and characterization of FA from banana waste compost (BWC), farmyard manure (FYM), and sugarcane press mud (SPM), in this context to record the physiochemical properties of organic waste, fluvic acid recovery percentage, proximate analysis of fluvic acid, elemental contents of FA, and functional groups were evaluated. The results revealed that all three agro-industrial wastes showed significant physicochemical properties. Moreover, the highest FA recovery (%) was obtained from BWC (3.70%), followed by FYM (3.56%), and the lowest from SPM (2.45%). The highest moisture content, volatile matter, and Fixed carbon were observed in BWC waste, followed by FYM, and the lowest was observed in SPM. The elemental composition exhibited that the FA derived from BWC had the highest C content (46.1%), followed by FYM (44.7%) and SPM (44.3%). The highest hydrogen (H) in FA from BWC was (4.30%), compared to SPM (4.13%). The highest nitrogen (N) was recorded from BWC and SPM (3.50%), and the lowest was in FYM (3.40%) derived from FA. The highest oxygen (O) was observed in SPM (47.20%), followed by FYM (46.6), and the least in BWC-derived FA (45.2). In addition, the phosphorus (P) content was higher in FA extracted from SPM (0.08%) and lower in FYM (0.07%). The potassium content was highest in FA extracted from FYM (11.6%) and lowest in SPM (9.6%). The maximum sulphur (S), content was recorded in FA extracted from BWC, followed by FYM and SPM. Functional group analysis revealed that the highest total acidity, 11.33 meq g-1, carboxyl groups 9.91meq g-1, and phenolic group (11.81 meq g-1) were recorded in FA extracted from BWC. The lowest total acidity, 10.97 meq g-1, the lowest carboxyl groups (9.32 meq g-1), and the lowest phenolic group (1.66 meq g-1) were recorded in BWC. The highest E4/E6 ratio (7.103) was observed in FA from BWC, and the lowest E4/E6 ratio (6.9) was recorded in FA isolated from SPM. It is concluded that the FA extracted from BWC exhibited superior structural maturity, aromaticity, and stability compared to the other two sources; hence, it may be more effective as a soil conditioner.
References
Ahmed, M.M., Sadoon, A., Bassuoni, M.T. and Ghazy, A. (2024) ‘Utilizing agricultural residues from hot and cold climates as sustainable SCMs for low-carbon concrete’, Sustainability, 16(23), p. 10715.
Akimbekov, N.S., Digel, I., Tastambek, K.T., Sherelkhan, D.K., Jussupova, D.B. and Altynbay, N.P. (2021) ‘Low-rank coal as a source of humic substances for soil amendment and fertility management’, Agriculture, 11(12), p. 1261.
Allardice, D.J., Clemow, L.M. and Jackson, W.R. (2003) ‘Determination of the acid distribution and total acidity of low-rank coals and coal-derived materials by an improved barium exchange technique’, Fuel, 82(1), pp. 35–40.
Ampong, K., Thilakaranthna, M.S. and Gorim, L.Y. (2022) ‘Understanding the role of humic acids on crop performance and soil health’, Frontiers in Agronomy, 4, p. 848621.
Anielak, A.M., Kłeczek, A. and Łuszczek, B. (2023) ‘Innovative method of extraction of humic substances from digested sludge and assessment of their impact on the growth of selected plants’, Energies, 16(3), p. 1283.
Arrobas, M., de Almeida, S.F., Raimundo, S., da Silva Domingues, L. and Rodrigues, M.Â. (2022) ‘Leonardites rich in humic and fulvic acids had little effect on tissue elemental composition and dry matter yield in pot-grown olive cuttings’, Soil Systems, 6(1), p. 7.
Asariha, M. and Zarabi, M. (2023) ‘Phosphorus species, fractions, and leaching risk in vermicompost-amended calcareous sandy loam soil’, International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 12.
Aylaj, M., Sisouane, M., Tahiri, S., Mouchrif, Y. and El Krati, M. (2023) ‘Effects of humic acid extracted from organic waste composts on turnip culture (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) in a sandy soil’, Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24(7).
Brondi, A.M., Daniel, J.S.P., Castro, V.X.M.D., Bertoli, A.C., Garcia, J.S. and Trevisan, M.G. (2016) ‘Quantification of humic and fulvic acids, macro- and micronutrients and C/N ratio in organic fertilizers’, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 47(22), pp. 2506–2513.
Cieślewicz, J., Gonet, S.S. and Marszelewski, W. (2008) ‘Differences in the properties of the bottom sediments in the system of Wdzydze Lakes (Northern Poland)’, Soil and Water Research, 3(1), pp. 21–28.
Collado, S., Oulego, P., Suarez-Iglesias, O. and Diaz, M. (2018) ‘Biodegradation of dissolved humic substances by fungi’, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 102(8), pp. 3497–3511.
de Castro, T.A.V.T., Berbara, R.L.L., Tavares, O.C.H., da Graça Mello, D.F., Pereira, E.G., de Souza, C.D.C.B. et al. (2021) ‘Humic acids induce a eustress state via photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism leading to a root growth improvement in rice plants’, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 162, pp. 171–184.
de Melo, B.A.G., Motta, F.L. and Santana, M.H.A. (2016) ‘Humic acids: structural properties and multiple functionalities for novel technological developments’, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 62, pp. 967–974.
Debicka, M. (2024) ‘The role of organic matter in phosphorus retention in eutrophic and dystrophic terrestrial ecosystems’, Agronomy, 14(8), p. 1688.
Delgado, A., Madrid, A., Kassem, S., Andreu, L. and del Campillo, M.C. (2002) ‘Phosphorus fertilizer recovery from calcareous soils amended with humic and fulvic acids’, Plant and Soil, 245(2), pp. 277–286.
Ditta, A. and Khalid, A. (2016) ‘Bio-organo-phos: a sustainable approach for managing phosphorus deficiency in agricultural soils’, in Organic fertilizers—from basic concepts to applied outcomes. London: IntechOpen, pp. 109–136.
Dudło, A., Michalska, J., Turek-Szytow, J., Kobyłecki, R., Zarzycki, R., Wichliński, M. and Surmacz-Górska, J. (2024) ‘Humic substances sorption from wastewater on biochar produced from waste materials’, Journal of Environmental Management, 370, p. 122366.
Farid, I.M., Abbas, M.H.H. and El-Ghozoli, A. (2018) ‘Implications of humic, fulvic and K-humate extracted from compost and biogas manure on faba bean plants and soil CO₂ emissions’, Egyptian Journal of Soil Science, 58(3), pp. 275–298.
Fuentes, M., Baigorri, R., González-Gaitano, G. and García-Mina, J.M. (2018) ‘New methodology to assess the quantity and quality of humic substances in organic materials’, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 18(4), pp. 1389–1399.
Gul, A., Chandio, A.A., Siyal, S.A., Rehman, A. and Xiumin, W. (2022) ‘How climate change is impacting the major yield crops of Pakistan?’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(18), pp. 26660–26674.
Nardi, S., Schiavon, M. and Francioso, O. (2021) ‘Chemical structure and biological activity of humic substances define their role as plant growth promoters’, Molecules, 26(8), p. 2256.
Sible, C.N., Seebauer, J.R. and Below, F.E. (2021) ‘Plant biostimulants: a categorical review and relation to soil health indicators’, Agronomy, 11(7), p. 1297.
Zavarzina, A.G., Danchenko, N.N., Demin, V.V., Artemyeva, Z.S. and Kogut, B.M. (2021) ‘Humic substances: hypotheses and reality’, Eurasian Soil Science, 54(12), pp. 1826–1854.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahbaz Mustafa, Muhammad Ijaz, Sana-e-Mustafa, Abdul Rehman , Muhammad Rizwan Anwar, Akash Zafar, Fraz Ahmad Khan, Muddassir Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
