Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics, yeast and digestive enzymes on the antioxidant status and hematological analysis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55627/zoobotanica.003.02.1343Keywords:
Probiotics, digestive enzymes, antioxidant status, hematological analysis, grass carpAbstract
Probiotics is widely used in aquaculture. Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation of aquatic organisms in a range of freshwater and marine environments. Present study examined the impact of dietary supplementation of probiotics (Bacillus Subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and digestive enzymes (Amylase, Protease, Lipase & Pancreatin) on the antioxidant status and hematological analysis of grass carp reared in glass aquaria at the Aquaculture and Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A total of 90 fingerlings of grass carp were reared in the laboratory, having the same environmental conditions. The fish were fed in different groups viz; Control group (C) were fed with commercially available supplementary fish diet while group one (T1) and group two (T2) were fed with Supplementary feed with addition of 2g/kg and 4g/kg consortium of probiotics, yeast and digestive enzymes respectively. The growth parameters were checked on a fortnightly basis to adjust the quantity of feed given. At the end of the experiment (90 days), random sampling was done from each group to analyze antioxidant status and hematological profile. The Results show that supplementary diets with addition of probiotics, yeast and digestive enzymes enhanced the antioxidant status in group 1 (50.092 µg/mL); Hematological parameters i.e., Red Blood Cells (RBC), were observed significantly higher in T2 group (3.10 x105/µL) than T1 and Control group, while WBC; white blood cells (9.94 ×104/µL) and Hemoglobin (Hb)were significantly higher in T1 group (8.30 g/dL) than T2 and Control group (P <0.05). The results of the present study suggest the addition of consortium of probiotics, yeast and digestive enzymes in fish feed can improve the health status of grass carp. Such component used as feed additives are significant in achieving a sustainable and efficient fish production.
References
Abbas, M. A., Kim, H. J., Lee, G. Y., Cho, H. Y., Al Jawad Sayem, S., Lee, E. B., Lee, S. J., & Park, S. C. (2025). Development and Application of Lactobacillus plantarum PSCPL13 Probiotics in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Farming. Microorganisms, 13(1), 1–21.
Bhattacharyya, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Mitra, S., & Crowe, S. E. (2014). Oxidative stress: An essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiological Reviews, 94(2), 329–354.
Borges MT, Sousa A, Marco PD et al (2008) Aerobic and anoxic growth and nitrate removal capacity of a marine denitri- fying bacterium isolated from a recirculation aquaculture system. Microb Ecol 55:107–118.
Bucio, A., Hartemink, R., Schrama, J. W., Verreth, J., & Rombouts, F. M. (2005). Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum 44a after spraying. 227, 221–227.
Circu, M. L., & Aw, T. Y. (2011). Redox biology of the intestine. Free Radical Research, 45(11–12), 1245–1266.
Dawood, M.A.O.; Koshio, S.; Abdel-Daim, M.M.; Van-Doan, H. Probiotic application for sustainable aquaculture. Rev. Aquac. 2018, 11, 1–18.
Dima, M. F., Sîrbu, E., Patriche, N., Cristea, V., Coadă, M. T., & Plăcintă, S. (2022). Effects of Multi-Strain Probiotics on the Growth and Hematological Profile in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus Carpio, Linnaeus 1758). Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 14(2), 5–20.
Dragun, Z., Filipović Marijić, V., Krasnići, N., Ramani, S., Valić, D., Rebok, K., Kostov, V., Jordanova, M., & Erk, M. (2017). Malondialdehyde concentrations in the intestine and gills of Vardar chub (Squalius vardarensis Karaman) as indicator of lipid peroxidation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16917–16926.
Ejraei, F., Ghiasi, M., & Khara., H. (2015). Evaluation of hematological and plasma indices in Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, with reference to age, sex, and hormonal treatment. Archives of Polish Fisheries, 23(3), 163–170.
El-Saadony, M. T., Alagawany, M., Patra, A. K., Kar, I., Tiwari, R., Dawood, M. A. O., Dhama, K., & Abdel-Latif, H. M. R. (2021). The functionality of probiotics in aquaculture: An overview. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 117(June), 36–52.
FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018- Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, (2018) Rome.
Feng, R., Feng, D., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Liu, C., Ma, F., Zhang, M., Yu, M., Jiang, H., Qiao, Z., Lu, R., & Wang, L. (2024). Indices, and Visceral Peritoneum of Grass Carp Aquaculture Systems.
García-Moreno, P. J., Batista, I., Pires, C., Bandarra, N. M., Espejo-Carpio, F. J., Guadix, A., & Guadix, E. M. (2014). Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates obtained from discarded Mediterranean fish species. Food Research International, 65(PC), 469–476.
Gomez-Gil, B.; Roque, A.; Turnbull, J.F. The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture 2000, 191, 259–270.
Gobi, N., Vaseeharan, B., Chen, J. C., Rekha, R., Vijayakumar, S., Anjugam, M., & Iswarya, A. (2018). Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 improves growth performance, mucus and serum immune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish & shellfish immunology, 74, 501-508.
Guo, D., Xie, M., Xiao, H., Xu, L., Zhang, S., Chen, X., & Wu, Z. (2022). Bacillus subtilis Supplementation in a High-Fat Diet Modulates the Gut Microbiota and Ameliorates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fishes, 7(3).
Huang, D., Maulu, S., Ren, M., Liang, H., Ge, X., Ji, K., & Yu, H. (2021). Dietary Lysine Levels Improved Antioxidant Capacity and Immunity via the TOR and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways in Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus Fry. Frontiers in Immunology, 12(February), 1–12.
Jahan, N., Islam, S. M., Rohani, M. F., Hossain, M. T., & Shahjahan, M. (2021). Probiotic yeast enhances growth performance of rohu (Labeo rohita) through upgrading hematology, and intestinal microbiota and morphology. Aquaculture, 545, 737243.
Khan, A. M., Ali, Z., Shelly, S. Y., Ahmad, Z., & Mirza, M. R. (2011). Aliens; a catastrophe for native fresh water fish diversity in Pakistan. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(SUPPL. 2), 435–440.
Lalloo R, Ramchuran S, Ramduth D et al (2007) Isolation and selection of Bacillus spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water quality in culture of ornamental fish. J Appl Microbiol 103:1471–1479.
Lenártová, V., Holovská, K., Pedrajas, J. R., Martínez-Lara, E., Peinado, J., López-Barea, J., Rosival, I., & Košúth, P. (1997). Antioxidant and detoxifying fish enzymes as biomarkers of river pollution. Biomarkers, 2(4), 247–252.
Li, W. F., Deng, B., Cui, Z. W., Fu, L. Q., Chen, N. N., Zhou, X. X., Shen, W. Y., & Yu, D. Y. (2012). Several indicators of immunity and antioxidant activities improved in grass carp given a diet containing bacillus additive. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(14), 2392–2397.
Liu, H., Wang, S., Cai, Y., Guo, X., Cao, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, S., Yuan, W., Zhu, W., Zheng, Y., 2017a. Dietary administration of Bacillus subtilis HAINUP40 enhances growth, di- gestive enzyme activities, innate immune responses and disease resistance of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 60, 326–333.
Mohammadian, T., Nasirpour, M., Tabandeh, M. R., & Mesbah, M. (2020).Synbiotic effects of β-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide and Lactobacillus casei on growth performance, intestine enzymes activities, immune-hematological parameters and immune-related gene expression in common carp, Cyprinus carpio: An experimental infectio. Aquaculture, 511(June), 634197.
Mohsin, M., Mu, Y., Mehak, A., Memon, A. M., Noman, M., & Nazir, K. (2017). Aquaculture in Pakistan: Status, opportunities and challenges. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, 46(9), 1872–1878.
Satheeshkumar, P., G. Ananthan, D. S. Kumar, and L. Jagadeesan. 2012. Haematology and biochemical parameters of different feeding behaviour of teleost fishes from Vellar estuary, India. Comparative Clinical Pathology 21:1187–1191.
Shao, Y., Zhong, H., Mao, X., & Zhang, H. (2020). Biochar-immobilized Sphingomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp. isolates to enhance nutrient removal: potential application in crab aquaculture. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 12, 251–262.
Shao, Y., Zhong, H., Wang, L., & Elbashier, M. M. A. (2021). Use of Bacillus subtilis D9 to purify coastal aquaculture wastewater and improve grass carp resistance to Vibrio infection. Aquaculture Environment Interactions, 13, 249–258.
Tang, Y., Han, L., Chen, X., Xie, M., Kong, W., & Wu, Z. (2019). Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Affects Antioxidant Defenses and Immune Response in Grass Carp Under Aeromonas hydrophila Challenge. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 11(2), 545–558.
Wu, Z., Feng, X., Xie, L., Peng, X., Yuan, J., Chen, X., 2012. Effect of probiotic Bacillus subtilis Ch9 for grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844), on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 28, 721–727.
Wang YB, Li JR, Lin JD (2008) Probiotics in aquaculture: challenges and outlook. Aquaculture 281:1–4.
Xue, J., Shen, K., Hu, Y., Hu, Y., Kumar, V., Yang, G., & Wen, C. (2020). Effects of dietary Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Paracoccus marcusii, and Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation on the growth, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture Reports, 17, 100387.
Yang, G., Jian, S. Q., Cao, H., Wen, C., Hu, B., Peng, M., Peng, L., Yuan, J., & Liang, L. (2019). Changes in microbiota along the intestine of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Community, interspecific interactions, and functions. Aquaculture, 498(July 2018), 151–161.
Yang, J., Li, Y., Zhu, S., Li, X., Li, J., & Chen, W. (2022). Mitochondrial diversity and population structure of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in the Pearl River after anthropogenic release. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 2022-Janua(423).
Yu, H., Nazir, S., Ijaz, F., Zahid, M. U., Mushtaq, M., Khan, M., Rahman, A., & Rahman, M. A. U. (2025). Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis as Probiotic Influenced the Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Immune Function, Antioxidant Status, and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals, 15(9), 1–15.
Zhang, R., Jiang, Y., Zhou, L., Chen, Y., Wen, C., Liu, W., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Effects of dietary yeast extract supplementation on growth, body composition, non-specific immunity, and antioxidant status of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 86(December 2018), 1019–1025.
Zokaeifar, H., Balcázar, J. L., Saad, C. R., Kamarudin, M. S., Sijam, K., Arshad, A., & Nejat, N. (2012). Effects of Bacillus subtilis on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, immune gene expression and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish & shellfish Immunology, 33(4), 683-689.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tamoom Naz, Muhammad Zubair Anjum, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Qayash Khan, Sana Urooj, Vaneeza Arshad, Hajra Qamar, Tayyaba Ijaz, Bushra Mushtaq
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
