Plant-Derived Psychoactive Drugs: Mechanisms, Addiction, and Health Consequences

Abstract

Plant-derived substances such as cocaine and nicotine are widely abused drugs with diverse pharmacological effects, including psychedelic, stimulant, hypnotic, euphoric, and anticholinergic actions. Each plant source confers distinct characteristics that generate both beneficial and harmful outcomes, primarily affecting the brain but also influencing multiple organ systems. Chronic use often results in addiction due to alterations in neural pathways, with detrimental effects on vital organs such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, and muscles. The impact of these substances depends on the drug type, target organ, and mode of administration. Genetic predisposition and stress substantially influence vulnerability to addiction. Withdrawal symptoms emerge upon cessation as a result of physiological dependence. Addiction not only induces behavioral and neurobiological changes but also appears to accelerate biological aging, reflected in telomere attrition aggravated by oxidative stress. This article provides a comprehensive overview of drug addiction and its consequences for individuals and society. It examines psychoactive substances including cannabis, cocaine, morphine, and nicotine, highlighting their mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and implications for aging. These substances act on specific brain receptors, initially eliciting desired effects but ultimately promoting addiction through receptor desensitization and altered neural function. Addiction arises from the complex interplay of genetics, environment, and substance exposure. Addressing this challenge requires integrated strategies encompassing prevention, effective therapies, and strong support systems.