Morphological and Yield Characterization of Different Wheat Genotypes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55627/agrivet.004.02.01229Keywords:
Morphological Characterization, Wheat Genotypes, Genetic Diversity, Yield PotentialAbstract
A comprehensive morphological characterization was conducted to evaluate the agronomic performance of four wheat genotypes: Abaseen-21, Jauhar-16, Pirsabak-21, and Sulaiman-96. The study focused on key yield and yield-contributing traits, including plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, flag leaf area, tiller number, spike weight, grain weight per spike, number of seeds per spike, spike length, number of grains per spike, thousand grain weight (TGW), biomass yield, yield per plant, and harvest index. Significant variability was observed among the genotypes, with Abaseen-21 demonstrating superior performance in yield per plot (34.2 g) and TGW (66.9 g), while Jauhar-16 exhibited the highest harvest index (55.4%). Sulaiman-96, despite its moderate yield potential, showed the lowest TGW (53.8 g) and harvest index (48.5%). The study also highlighted the importance of biomass accumulation, with a mean biomass yield of 61.28 kg and yield per plot of 33.15 kg across genotypes. These findings underscore the genetic diversity present in wheat germplasm, which can be leveraged for breeding programs aimed at enhancing yield potential, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. The study emphasizes the role of gene pyramiding and marker-assisted selection in developing high-yielding, multi-pathogen-resistant wheat cultivars, contributing to the sustainability of wheat production and reducing dependence on chemical control measures.
References
Afzal, O., Asif, M., Ahmed, M., Awan, F.K., Aslam, M. A., Zahoor, A., Bilal, M., Shaheen, F. A., Zulfiqar, M. A., and Ahmed, N. 2017. Integrated Nutrient Management of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under Rainfed Conditions. American Journal of Plant Sciences. 8:2208-2218.
Ahmed M, Aslam M.A., Hassan F.U., Hayat R., Nasim W., Akmal M., Mubeen M., Hussain S., and Ahmad S. 2021. Nutrient Dynamics and the Role of Modeling. Chapter 19 In Book; "Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture" edited by Jatoi et al. ISBN 978-3-030-79408-8. DOI. 10.1007/978-3-030-79408-8.
Ahmed M., Hassan F.U., Aslam M., Aslam M.A. 2012. “Physiological Attributes Based Resilience of Wheat to Climate”. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology Vol:14(3) pp:407-412.
Ahmed, M., Aslam, M. A., Hassan, F.U., Asif, M. and Hayat, R. 2014. Use of APSIM to Model Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rainfed Wheat. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. Vol 16(3) pp. 461–470.
Ahmed, M., Hassan F-U., Qadir G., Shaheen F. A. and Aslam M. A. 2017. Response of proline accumulation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rainfed conditions. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 73(4):1-9.
Ahmeda M., Hassan F.U., Aslam M.A., Akram M.N., Akmal M. 2011 "Regression model to study sole and cumulative effect of temperature and solar radiation on wheat yield". African Journal of Biotechnology Vol:10(45) pp:9114-9121.
Ahmeda, M., Aslam M. A., Hassan F.U., Hayat R, Ahmad S. 2019. Biochemical, physiological and agronomic response of wheat to changing climate of rainfed Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 51(2). DOI: 10.30848/PJB2019-2(10)
Ahmeda. M., F. U. Hassan., Aslam. M., Akram. M.N., Aslam. M.A. 2010 "Photosynthesis of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in rainfed ecology of Pakistan". African Journal of Biotechnology Vol:9 pp:7495-7503.
Ahmedb M., Khan S., Irfan M., Aslam M.A., Shabbir G. and Ahmad S. 2019. Effect of Phosphorus on Root Signaling of Wheat under Different Water Regimes. Chapter 1. In book: Global Wheat Production. Intech Publishers. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75806
Alam, B., M. A. Aslam, ,S. H. Khattak, N. Nawaz, S. Fatima, Z. Ullah, , H. Khurshid, M. Jahanzaib, S. A. K. Bangash, S.Komal, I. U. Khan, M Arshad and G. M. Ali. 2023. Exploring Phenotypic Diversity in Pakistani Indigenous Soybean Landraces and US Ancestral Lines. Journal of Phytobiology. 03 (02) 65-75.
Arif, M., Khurshid, H., Rabbani, M.A., Jahanzaib, M., Khattak, S.H., Ullah, I., Farah, M.A., Singh, R. and Li, L., 2024. Morpho-physiological traits and stress indices reveal divergence in early-stage salt stress response in elite soybean germplasm. Journal of King Saud University-Science, p.103522.
Arora, S., Singh, N., Kaur, S., & Bains, N. S. 2022. Harnessing genetic diversity for sustainable wheat production. Nature Plants, 8(4), 262–273.
Aslam M. A., Ahmed M, Hassan F.U., Hayat R, Ahmad S. (2018). Quantification of Impact of Sowing Dates on Productivity of Rainfed Wheat. Sci. Tech. Develop. 37(1):28-35.
Aslam M.A., Ahmed M Hassan F.U, Afzal O., Mehmood M.Z., Qadir G., Asif M., Komal S., and Hussain T. 2021. Impact of Temperature Fluctuations on Plant Morphological and Physiological Traits. Chapter 3 In Book; "Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture" edited by Jatoi et al. PP25-52. ISBN 978-3-030-79408-8. DOI. 10.1007/978-3-030-79408-8.
Aslama, M.A., Ahmed, M., Stöckle, C.O., Higgins, S.S., Hassan, F.U. and Hayat, R. 2017. Can Growing Degree Days and Photoperiod Predict Spring Wheat Phenology? Front. Environ. Sci. 5:57. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2017.00057.
Aslamb, M. A., Ahmed, M., Hassan, F.U., and Hayat, R. 2017. Modeling Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Changing Climate. Chapter 4. In Quantification of Climate Variability, Adaptation and Mitigation for Agricultural Sustainability. M. Ahmed, C.O. Stockle (Eds.). 1st ed. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. P. 71-90.
Bangasha, S.A.K., M.S Khan, Ambreen, S.H. Khattak and A.N. Siddique. 2013. Genetic transformation of Brassica juncea with antimicrobial wasabi defensin gene. Pak. J. Bot. 45(3): 993-998.
Bangashb, S. A. K., Khan, M. S., Ambreen, Khattak S. H., & Siddique, A. N. 2013. Genetic modification of Brassica juncea: Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Brassica juncea with antimicrobial Wasabi defensin gene (ISBN-13:978-3846539170, ISBN-10:3846539171).
Begna, T. 2021. Conventional breeding methods widely used to improve self-pollinated crops. International Journal of Research, 7(1), 1-16.
Begum S, Khan MR, Jan A, Rahman H, Khattak S.H, Saeed S, Ahmed A And Ali GM. 2022. Genetic transformation of the EPSPS herbicide resistance gene in agrobacterium mediated peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) and effective revival of transgenic Plants. Applied Ecology And Environmental Research. 20(2): 1335-1349.
Begum, S., Khattak, S. H., Shahzad, A., Noor, S., Zaheer uddin, S., Ajmal, W., Zabih ullah, Farhatullah, Fayyaz, M., & Ali, G. M. 2019. Molecular characterization of Pakistani wheat genotypes for leaf rust resistance. Journal of Pure and Applied Agriculture. 4(1): 1-10.
Farooq, M., Bramley, H., Palta, J. A., & Siddique, K. H. 2011. Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grain-filling phases. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 30(6), 491-507.
Farrukh A., S.H. Khattak, I. Kaleem, S. Begum, K. Jamil, T. Kamal, M.N. Riaz, N.R. Siddiqui, R. Ikram, S. Noor and G.M. Ali. 2022. Plant Based Nanotechnology – A New Trend in Therapeutic Approaches of Diabetes. Endo & Diab Opn Acc J. 1(1): 1-5. EDOAJ.MS.ID.000501.
Figueroa, M., Hammond-Kosack, K. E., & Solomon, P. S. 2020. A review of wheat diseases—A field perspective. Phytopathology, 110(5), 972–981.
Gaju, O., Reynolds, M. P., & Sparkes, D. L. 2023. Flag leaf architecture and its role in wheat yield under stress conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 74(5), 1567–1580.
Gul, R., Khan, H., Sattar, S., Farhatullah, M. F., Shadman, K. B., Khattak, S. H., & Ali, A. 2011. Comparison among nodulated and non nodulated chickpea genotypes. Sarhad J. Agric. 27(4): 577-581.
Hu, Y., Li, X., & Wang, J. 2022. Heat-responsive genes in wheat: Implications for breeding climate-resilient varieties. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 20(8), 1459–1471.
Jamil K, Khattak SH, Farrukh A, Begum S, Riaz MN, Muhammad A, Kamal T, Taj T, Khan I, Riaz S, Batool H. 2022. Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus roseus and Its Cytotoxicity Effect on Vero Cell Lines. Molecules. 27(19):6191.
Khattak S.H, Begum S, Aqeel M, Fayyaz M, Bangash S.A.K, Riaz M.N, Saeed S, Ahmed A. and Ali GM. 2020. Investigating The Allelic Variation Of Loci Controlling Rust Resistance Genes In Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Land Races By SSR Marker." Appl. Ecology And Environ. Res. 18(6): 8091-8118.
Khattak, S. H., Bangash, S. A. K., Kaleem, I., Begum, S., Noor, S., Ali, G. M., Hafeez, A., Ali, B., Khan, M. N., Shah, S. M., Razak, S., Zaman, A., Basha, Y., Alwahibi, M. S., & Elshikh, M. S. 2024. Diversity Analysis for Wheat Genotypes against Rust Resistant Genes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 33(3):1-12.
Khattaka, S.H., Imdad K., Anum F., Saima N., Khansa J., Tahira K., Nouman R.S. and Ghulam M.A. 2022. Fruit Ripening Characterization and Amylase Mystery in Bananas. 4(1): 1-9. GJNFS.MS.ID.000577. DOI: 10.33552/GJNFS.2022.04.000577.
Khattakb S. H., Sania B., Anum F., Imdad K., Khansa J. 2022. Nigella Sativa, A Myth or Reality: A New Trend in Therapeutic Approaches of Kalonji. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res. 47(2)-38248-38253.
Kokhmetova, A., Sharma, R., Rsaliyev, S., Galymbek, K., Baymagambetova, K., Ziyaev, Z., & Morgounov, A. 2021. Evaluation of advanced wheat lines for multiple rust resistance and agronomic traits. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 663764.
Liu, C., Zhang, X., & Wang, Y. 2023. Optimizing plant height for improved wheat resilience under climate change. Field Crops Research, 292, 108796.
Marone, D., Russo, M. A., Laidò, G., De Vita, P., & Mastrangelo, A. M. 2013. Plant immunity in wheat: From genes to resistance. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(4), 365–378.
Mehmooda M.Z., Ahmed M., Afzal O., Aslam M.A., Arfeen R.Z.U., Qadir G., Komal S., Shahid M.A., Awan A.A., Awale M.A., Sameen A., Kalsoom T., Nasim W., Hassan F.U., and Ahmad S. 2021. Internet of Things (IoT) and Sensors Technologies in Smart Agriculture: Applications, Opportunities, and Current Trends. Chapter 21 In Book; "Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture" edited by Jatoi et al. ISBN 978-3030-79408-8. DOI. 10.1007/978-3-030-79408-8
Mengistu, D. K., Kidane, Y. G., Catellani, M., Frascaroli, E., Fadda, C., Pè, M. E., & Dell'Acqua, M. 2016. High‐density molecular characterization and association mapping in Ethiopian durum wheat landraces reveals high diversity and potential for wheat breeding. Plant biotechnology journal, 14(9), 1800-1812.
Periyannan, S., Milne, R. J., Figueroa, M., Lagudah, E. S., & Dodds, P. N. 2017. An overview of genetic rust resistance: From broad to specific mechanisms. PLoS Pathogens, 13(7), e1006380.
Qaiser R, Fayyaz M, Muhammad S, Sahir HK, Karansher SS, And Gaganjot SS. 2022. Genome-Wide Association Mapping And Population Structure For Stripe Rust In Pakistani Wheat Germplasm. Pak. J. Bot. 54 (4), 1405-1416.
Rehman M.A, Saleem R, Hasan SW, Inam S, Uddin S.Z, Saeed M, Noor S, Riaz M.N., Ali G.M. And Khattak S.H. 2020. Economic Assessment Of Cereal -Legume Intercropping System, A Way Forward For Improving Productivity And Sustaining Soil Health. IJBPAS. 9(5): 1078-1089.
Ren, J., Sun, D., Chen, L., You, F. M., Wang, J., Peng, Y., & Peng, J. 2013. Genetic variation revealed by single nucleotide polymorphism markers in a worldwide germplasm collection of durum wheat. International journal of molecular sciences, 14(4), 7061-7088.
Saleem, A., Saeed, M. A., Shah, N. A., Kaleem, I., Ahmed, H., & Khattak, S. H. 2024. Using Plants as Vaccines. In Recent Advances in Industrial Biochemistry (pp. 49-76). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Sánchez-Martín, J., Steuernagel, B., & Wulff, B. B. H. 2021. Rapid gene cloning in wheat using mutagenesis and sequencing. Science, 374(6567), eabj4381.
Shaheen, A., Shahzad, A., Shah, S. H., Khattak, S. H., Idrees, S., & Khan, S. U. 2023. Molecular and Morphological Evaluation of Salt Tolerance Genes in Advanced Wheat Lines (Part 1). Pak. J. Bot, 55(3): 813-823
Siddiqui N, Muhammad A, Ali G, Raza S, Khan MR, Shahzad A, Hameed S. 2017. Expression Analysis Of Amylase Gene And Starch Degradation During Fruit Development And Ripening Stages Of Exotic Cultivars Of Banana. Proceedings of The Pakistan Academy Of Sciences. 2017(54): 117-124.
Singh, A., Singh, D., Kang, J. S., & Aggarwal, N. 2011. Management practices to mitigate the impact of high temperature on wheat: a review. IIOAB J, 2(7), 11-22.
Tahir, O., Bangash, S. A. K., Ibrahim, M., Shahab, S., Khattak, S. H., Ud Din, I., ... & Harakeh, S. 2023. Evaluation of Agronomic Performance and Genetic Diversity Analysis Using Simple Sequence Repeats Markers in Selected Wheat Lines. Sustainability. 15(1): 293-312.
Ur-Rehman, M. A., Khattak, S. H., Inam, S., Rehman, N., Hussain, M., Ali, S., & Khan, M. R. 2020. Unveiling of genetic variability in garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes grown in Pakistan. Journal of Pure and Applied Agriculture. 5(3): 53-64.
Voss-Fels, K. P., Stahl, A., & Hickey, L. T. 2023. Breeding crops for resilience to climate change. Trends in Plant Science, 28(1), 60–73.
Wang, X., Luo, G., Yang, W., Li, Y., Sun, J., Zhan, K., ... & Zhang, A. 2017. Genetic variation, population structure and marker-trait associations for agronomic and grain traits in wild diploid wheat Triticum urartu. BMC plant biology, 17(1), 1-17.
Waqar A, Khattak S.H, Begum S, Rehman T, Shehzad A, Ajmal W, Zia S.S, Siddiqi I, And Ali G.M. 2018. Stripe Rust: A Review Of The Disease, Yr Genes And Its Molecular Markers. Sarhad Journal Of Agriculture. 34(1): 188-201.
Zahid, G., Begum, S., Almani, S., Khattak, S. H., Soothar, R. K., & Soomro, S. A. 2022. Utilization of SSR markers to identify slow rusting genes in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research. 35(1): 85-92.
Zampieri, M., Ceglar, A., & Dentener, F. 2023. Climate change impacts on wheat phenology and yield. Global Change Biology, 29(10), 2726–2740.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Badshah Alam, Inam Ullah, Fahim Ullah, Ihsan Ullah Khan, Muhammad Aqeel Aslam, Ghassan Zahid, Sania Begum, Aliya Errum, Farhana Amin, Rabia Akram, Maryam Murtaza, Farkhanda Jabeen, Esha Yaseen, Ghulam Muhammad Ali, Sahir Hameed khattak
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
